Deaths which
occurred on an August 22: ^top^
2002:: 13 German, 1 British, and 1 US tourists, 2 crew members, and
Nepalese pilot B. Mishra, at 10:00 as Canadian-built Twin Otter plane
of Shangri-La Air, coming Jomson, a popular trekking destination and
Hindu religious site in Nepal, crashes near Dopahar, a village about
5 km southeast of resort town Pokhara, in western Nepal.
2001 Bilal al-Ghoul, 26, as two Israeli helicopters fired four
missiles at two cars, one of which al-Ghoul, a member of Hamas, was driving,
in the southern part of Gaza city. Israel was targeting the top Hamas
bomb-makers and commanders, Mohammed Deif and Mohammed al-Ghoul —
the victim's father — but they escaped. This brings the al~Aqsa
intifada body count to 584 Palestinians and 152 Israelis.
2001 Mahmoud Jasser, 23, Palestinian, in southern Gaza, in an
explosion or shot by an Israeli sniper, according to discrepant reports..
2001 Hakem Tayeh, 22, Fadi Samani, 25, and Zaher Ismail, 30, Ahed
Fares, 23, and a 5th Palestinian, shot by Israeli's commandos who
thought a first group was planting a terrorist bomb and, later, armed
militants approached the bodies. According to Palestinians, four of the
five dead were peaceful unarmed villagers.
Israeli commandos opened fire on a group
of Palestinians they said were planting a bomb, killing two and at least
two others who later approached the bodies. Palestinian officials said
three of the dead were unarmed villagers. The Palestinians said they
retrieved four bodies from the scene. The army said five Palestinians
were killed, but could not account for a fifth body.
The events in the West Bank began sometime
after midnight, the Israeli army and Palestinian witnesses providing
differing accounts. Soldiers of the elite commando unit Egoz, which is
trained for guerrilla warfare, spotted three Palestinians trying to plant
a bomb in the area of Shavei Shomron, a Jewish settlement near the Palestinian
town of Nablus. The force opened fire, killing two Palestinians and wounding
the third who escaped.
An hour later, the force identified another
three people, one armed, approaching the bodies, and killed two of them,"
Adiri said. "After they (the soldiers) charged, they killed the third."
The Israeli army initially said armed men approached the area in an ambulance,
but later withdrew that claim. A bomb that had been planted by the Palestinians
in the area was defused, the Israeli army said.
According to Palestinian witnesses,
the incident began with an exchange of fire between Palestinian gunmen
from Nablus and soldiers. After one of the gunmen went missing, the others
came to the nearby village of Beit Iba to ask residents to form a search
party. Dozens of villagers began combing the olive groves near the village.
At one point, three of the villagers also went missing, and searches
concentrated on a major road near the village used by Jewish settlers
and Israeli troops. Palestinian ambulances approaching the area came
under fire from the Israeli soldiers. At daybreak, the villagers saw
four bodies in the area. Israeli troops eventually permitted ambulances
to take away the bodies of the three villagers, but kept the body of
a gunman killed in the first clash. The body was later turned over to
the Palestinians as well.
Adiri, the Israeli commander, said he
had passed warnings to Palestinian officials after the first incident
that no one should approach the area because troops were still operating
there. The three villagers killed Wednesday were identified as Hakem
Tayeh, 22, Fadi Samani, 25, and Zaher Ismail, 30. Hospital officials
in Nablus said one of the men had been shot 10 times. None of the three
had been involved in gun battles with Israelis in the past, villagers
said. The fourth man was identified as Ahed Fares, 23, from the Balata
refugee camp near Nablus.
2001 Three Dalit women and three of their children, as they slept
late Wednesday night in Dasmai village, 30 kilometers southeast of Patna,
India, murdered by the Jayanandan Yadav gang. [Dalit = Untouchable]
1992 Vicki Weaver, Samuel Weaver,
14, William Degan, and
dog Striker Weaver ^top^
In the second day of the standoff
at Randy Weaver's remote northern Idaho cabin at Ruby
Ridge, FBI sharpshooter Lon Horiuchi kills Weaver's
wife Vicki as she stands in the cabin's doorway cradling her
infant daughter, Elisheba. She is allegedly trying to surrender.
Randy Weaver, a white separatist,
had been targeted by the federal government after failing to
appear in court to face charges related to his selling of two
illegal sawed-off shotguns. Weaver's cabin had been under surveillance
for several months when a shootout broke out after the family
spotted camouflaged agents near the house on August 21, 1992.
In the exchange, Deputy US Marshal William Degan was fatally
wounded along with Weaver's fourteen-year-old son, Samuel, and
Striker, the family's dog. Degan had been shot by Kevin Harrison,
a Weaver associate.
A tense standoff ensued, and
the next day, the FBI joined the marshals besieging Ruby Ridge.
Later that day, an FBI sharpshooter shoots Vicki Weaver dead,
and Harrison is wounded and surrenders. Weaver and his three
daughters, inside the cabin with the bodies of Vicki and Samuel
Weaver, would hold out for nine more days before surrendering.
The disastrous standoff spawned a nationwide debate on the use
of force by federal law enforcement agencies, and a Senate subcommittee
concluded that the FBI gave its sharpshooters rules of engagement
that violated the US Constitution.
In 1993, Weaver and Harris were
tried in federal court on murder, conspiracy, and other charges.
They were found not guilty of the most serious charges, including
murder, but Weaver was convicted of failing to appear for trial
on the firearms charge. In 1997, FBI agent Lon Horiuchi was
charged with manslaughter in the death of Vicki Weaver, but
a federal judge dismissed the charge in 1998. Horiuchi claimed
that he was aiming at Harris when he accidentally shot Weaver
in the head.
However, rumors that the FBI
had engaged in a cover-up regarding the Ruby Ridge operation
were verified when E. Michael Kahoe, former chief of the FBl's
violent crimes section, was convicted of obstruction of justice
in 1996. Kahoe, who had destroyed an official bureau critique
of the standoff, was sentenced to eighteen months in prison.
In 1996 tthe government agreed to pay Randy Weaver and his family
over $3 million to settle a wrongful-death suit. |
1989 Huey P. Newton, Black Panther co-founder, shot in Oakland,
Calif. (Gunman Tyrone Robinson was later sentenced to 32 years to life
in prison.)
1978 Jomo Kenyatta, 83, president of Kenya.
1976 André Lanskoy, French artist born on 31 March 1902.
1975 Mostowski,
mathematician
1974 Jacob
Bronowski, 66, mathematician.
1969: 255 victims of Hurricane Camille, which strikes US Gulf
Coast
1968 Several Czechs protesting
against Soviet invasion. ^top^
In the streets of Prague and
in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, Czechs
protest against the Soviet invasion of their nation. The protests
served to highlight the brutality of the Soviet action and to
rally worldwide condemnation of the Soviet Union. On August
21, 1968, more than 200'000 soldiers of the Warsaw Pact crossed
into Czechoslovakia in response to democratic and free market
reforms being instituted by Czech Communist Party General Secretary
Alexander Dubcek. Negotiations between Dubcek and Soviet bloc
leaders failed to convince the Czech leader to back away from
his reformist platform. The military intervention on August
21 indicated that the Soviets believed that Dubcek was going
too far and needed to be restrained. On August 22, thousands
of Czechs gathered in central Prague to protest the Soviet action
and demand the withdrawal of foreign troops.
Although it was designed to be
a peaceful protest, violence often flared and several protesters
were killed on August 22 and in the days to come. At the United
Nations, the Czech delegation passionately declared that the
Soviet invasion was illegal and threatened the sovereignty of
their nation. They called on the U.N.'s Security Council to
take action. The Council voted 10 to 2 to condemn Russia's invasion;
predictably, the Soviet Union vetoed the resolution. The 1968
invasion of Czechoslovakia severely damaged the Soviet government's
reputation around the world, and even brought forth condemnation
from communist parties in nations such as China and France.
Nonetheless, Dubcek was pushed from power in April 1969 and
the Czech Communist Party adopted a tough line toward any dissent.
The "Prague Spring" of 1968, when hopes for reform bloomed,
would serve as a symbol for the so-called "Velvet Revolution"
of 1989. In that year, Czech dissidents were able to break the
Communist Party's stranglehold on their nation's politics by
electing Vaclav Havel, the first noncommunist president in 40
years. |
1958 Roger Martin du Gard, French author [Nobel-1937]
1926 Charles William Eliot, author. CHARLES ELIOT ONLINE: A
Turning Point in Higher Education — editor of: The
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1922 Michael Collins,
31, Beal-na-Blath, Cork, shot by the IRA. ^top^
The reason for the death sentence
was that he had signed a treaty with the British
He was a hero of the Irish struggle
for independence, best remembered for his daring strategy in
directing the campaign of guerrilla warfare during the intensification
of the Anglo-Irish War (1919-21). Collins was employed as a
British civil servant in London from 1906 until he returned
to Ireland in 1916.
In 1911, the British Liberal government
had approved negotiations for Irish Home Rule, but the Conservative
Party opposition in Parliament, combined with Ireland's anti-Home
Rule factions, defeated the plans. Collins joined Sinn Féin,
an Irish political party dedicated to achieving independence
for all of Ireland. From its inception, the party became the
unofficial political wing of militant Irish groups in their
struggle to throw off British rule. With the outbreak of World
War I, the British government delayed further discussion of
Irish self-determination, and Collins and other Irish nationalists
responded by staging the Easter Uprising of 1916
Collins was arrested and held
in detention at Frongoch, Merioneth, but was released in December
1916. In 1918, with the threat of conscription being imposed
on the island, the Irish people gave Sinn Féin a majority
in national elections and the party established an independent
Irish parliament, Dáil Éireann. In December 1918 he was one
of 27 out of 73 elected Sinn Féin members (most of whom were
in jail) to be present when the Dáil Éireann convened in Dublin
and declared for the republic. Their elected president, Eamon
De Valera, and vice president, Arthur Griffith, were both in
prison. Hence, much responsibility fell on Collins, who became
first Sinn Féin minister of home affairs and, after arranging
for De Valera's escape from Lincoln jail (February 1919), minister
of finance.
It was as director of intelligence
of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), however, that he became
famous. As chief planner and coordinator of the revolutionary
movement, Collins organized numerous attacks on police and the
assassination (1920) of many of Britain's leading intelligence
agents in Ireland. He headed the list of men wanted by the British,
who placed a price of £10'000 on his head.
After the truce of July 1921,
Griffith and Collins were sent to London by De Valera as the
principal negotiators for peace (October-December 1921). The
treaty of Dec. 6, 1921, was signed by Collins in the belief
that it was the best that could be obtained for Ireland at the
time and in the full awareness that he was signing his own death
warrant. It gave Ireland dominion status, but its provisions
for the partition of the country and for an oath of allegiance
to the British crown were unacceptable to De Valera and other
republican leaders. Collins' persuasiveness helped win acceptance
for the treaty by a small majority in the Dáil, and a provisional
government was formed with Collins as chairman; but effective
administration was obstructed by the mutinous activities of
the anti-treaty republicans.
Collins refrained from taking
action against his former comrades until IRA insurgents seized
the Four Courts in Dublin and civil war became inevitable. W.T.
Cosgrave replaced Collins as chairman when the latter assumed
command of the army in mid-July 1922 in order to crush the insurgency.
About five weeks later, while on a tour of military inspection,
Collins is shot to death by anti-treaty insurgents in an ambush
in west Cork. |
1920 Anders Leonard Zorn, Swedish painter , etcher, and sculptor,
born on 18 February 1860. He was internationally famed as one of the
best genre and portrait painters in Europe at the end of the 19th century.
— MORE
ON ZORN AT ART “4” AUGUST —
LINKS
— Självporträtt
med modell — Självporträtt
i rött — Självporträtt
i vargskinnspäls — Effet
de Nuit III — Couple
wading in the water — Djos
Mats — Self~Portrait
(etching) — Self~Portrait
with Inscription (etching) — a 6th Self~Portrait
(etching) — Balance
— Old
Maria — Dal River
— Lavard Anders,
Dalecarlian Peasant — Vicke
, — Red Stockings
— White Lily
— Grover
Cleveland — Oscar
II (king of Sweden) — Emma
Zorn läsande — Cousins
— Femme
au Jupon Rouge — Coquelin
Cadet — Midsommardans
1919 Más de 5000 judíos, degollados por destacamentos del Ejército
de la República autónoma de Ucrania,
en la provincia de Podolia.
1917 Matthijs (Thijs) Maris, Dutch artist specialized in Landscapes,
born on 17 August 1839 — Young
Girl Sewing (black chalk) — Nest
of dogs — The
Baptistry, Lausanne (washed sepia) — Men
Unloading Carts, Montmartre — Evening
(Forest Landscape with a Deer) (etching)
1914 James Dickson Innes, Welsh painter born on 27 February 1887.
— 10
paintings at the Tate.
1907 Poretsky,
mathematician
1904 Kate (O'Flaherty) Chopin, author. CHOPIN ONLINE: The
Awakening, The Awakening
(another site), The
Awakening, and Selected Short Stories, Bayou
Folk, A
Night in Acadie
1898 Félicien Joseph Victor Robs, Belgian artist born on
07 July 1833.
1886 Calvin Ellis Stowe, co-author of Discourses
by Rev. Samuel T. Seclye, and Rev. Calvin E. Stowe, Delivered ... Before
the Society for the Promotion of Collegiate and Theological Education
at the West.
1878 María Cristina de Borbón, reina de España.
1875 Karel Ferdinand Venneman, Charles, Flemish~Belgian artist
born on 07 January 1802.
1861 Richard Oastler, 71, who had campaigned against child labor
and for limiting the work day to ten hours. Because he opposed a law
that forced poor farm laborers to work in factories for a pittance, he
was fired from his job (May 1838) and placed in debtors prison (December
1840-February 1844). During his imprisonment he wrote the Fleet Papers,
a weekly journal discussing factory conditions and poor laws. Eventually
supporters raised funds to pay his debt and he was freed.
1849 The Portuguese governor of Macao, assassinated because of
his anti-Chinese policies.
1828 Franz-Joseph Gall,
70. ^top^
Born March 9, 1758, in Tiefenbronn,
Baden [Germany], he was a German anatomist and physiologist,
a pioneer in ascribing cerebral functions to various areas of
the brain (localization). He originated the pseudo-science of
phrenology, the attempt to divine individual intellect and personality
from an examination of skull shape. Convinced that mental functions
are localized in specific regions of the brain and that human
behavior is dependent upon these functions, Gall assumed that
the surface of the skull faithfully reflects the relative development
of the various regions of the brain.
His popular lectures in Vienna
on "cranioscopy" (called phrenology by his followers) offended
religious leaders, were condemned in 1802 by the Austrian government
as contrary to religion, and were banned. Three years later
he was forced to leave the country.
However his concept of localized
functions in the brain was eventually proved correct when the
French surgeon Paul Broca demonstrated the existence of a speech
centre in the brain (1861). On the other hand, it was also shown
that, since skull thickness varies, the surface of the skull
does not reflect the topography of the brain, invalidating the
basic premise of phrenology. Gall was the first to identify
the gray matter of the brain with active tissue (neurons) and
the white matter with conducting tissue (ganglia). |
1818 Warren Hastings, 85, first governor-general of India (1773-84)
1806 Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter specialized
in Historical
Subjects, born on 05 April 1732. — MORE
ON FRAGONARD AT ART “4” AUGUST
— LINKS
— La
Résistance Inutile — La Bonne Maman
— L'Éducation de la Vierge
— Le
Verrou — Fantastic
Figure: Portrait of Abbé de Saint-Non — Diderot
— L'Amant
Couronné — Le
Guerrier — Education
is Everything — The
Stolen Kiss — Le
Rendez-Vous — Petit
Garçon à la Curiosité — Jeune
Fille à la Marmotte — La
Lectrice — Psyche
showing her Sisters her Gifts from Cupid — The
Musical Contest — Le
petit parc — Coresus
Sacrificing himselt to Save Callirhoe — The
Swing — Man
Playing an Instrument (The Music) — Young
Woman Playing with a Dog — The
Confession of Love — The
Bathers — Adoration
by the Shepherds — A
Young Scholar — The
Souvenir — A
Boy as Pierrot — The
Love Letter — The
Fountain of Love — Artist
in the Studio (red chalk) — Condorcet
Se Donnant La Mort (etching) — Park
Scene (black chalk, brown ink wash) — Woman
with a Parrot — Au
génie de Franklin — L'Armoire
— Saint
Jérôme (etching)
1794 Dionis,
mathematician
1789 Johann Heinrich Tischbein “Kassel Tischbein”,
German painter specialized in Portraits,
born on 14 October 1722. —
LINKS — Goethe
in der Campagna — Elisabeth
von Breitenbach
1752 William
Whiston, mathematician who succeeded Newton as Lucasian professor
at Cambridge, but was later deprived of his chair on religious grounds.
He translated The
Works of Flavius Josephus.
1684 Jan van den Hecke, Belgian artist born in 1620.
1676 Edward
Cocker, mathematician who was the author of an influential arithmetic
text which ran to more than 100 editions.
1485 King Richard III and many
soldiers, at the Battle of Bosworth Field
In the last major battle of the
War of the Roses, the last of Plantagenets, King Richard III
is defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field by Henry
Tudor, the earl of Richmond. After the battle, the royal crown,
which Richard had worn into the fray, was picked out of a bush
and placed on Henry's head. His crowning as King Henry VII inaugurated
the rule of the house of Tudor over England, a dynasty that
would last until Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603.
In the 1450s, English failures
in the Hundred Years War with France, coupled with periodic
fits of insanity suffered by King Henry VI, led to a power struggle
between the houses of York, whose badge was a red rose, and
Lancaster, later associated with a white rose. The War of Roses
left little mark on the common English people but severely thinned
the ranks of the English nobility. Among the royalty who perished
were Richard of York, Richard Neville, the earl of Warwick,
and kings Henry VI and Richard III. In 1486, King Henry VII's
marriage to Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV, united the
houses of Lancaster and York and formally ended the bloody War
of the Roses. |
1241 Pope Gregory IX, who persecuted Albigensians, a heretical
sect of France.
|
On
an August 22: 
1966
Peppermint Patty appears in Peanuts for the first time.
1960
Sally appears in Peanuts 
