On a September 01:
1995 Microsoft offers new Windows 95 disks to customers experiencing
problems installing the new operating system, which went on sale a few
days earlier. Microsoft says that computer viruses on some PCs were interfering
with the installation of the program
1993 Murdoch buys Delphi. Rupert Murdoch
announces that News Corp. would buy Delphi Internet Service.
Murdoch said the company would offer its many newspapers and
magazines over the fledgling Internet through a proprietary
online service akin to America Online. Delphi failed to catch
on, however, as the increasing popularity of the World Wide
Web eroded the demand for proprietary online services. |
1991 Yugoslavia's presidency and the country's feuding republics
accepted a European Community plan designed to stop months of fierce
fighting among Croats, Serbs and the army.
1990 Czechoslovakia
and the Soviet Union sign the first agreement between Comecon countries
to conduct their trade in convertible currencies and use world prices.
1989 Air bags required on US
cars ^top^
The US federal government passes
new car safety legislation, requiring all newly manufactured
cars to install an air bag on the driver’s side. While air bags
have proven to be life-saving devices in most cases, concern
over the safety of the air bags themselves arose during the
1990s. Several instances in which small children were seriously
injured or killed by an air bag caused a public clamor for further
investigation of the devices, which can explode out of the dashboard
at up to 300 km/h per hour. Air bags are still installed in
all newly manufactured models. |
1982 Palestinian Liberation Organization leaves Lebanon
1979 Pioneer 11 makes 1st fly-by of Saturn, discovers new moon,
rings
1977 1st TRS-80 Model I computer sold
1975 NYC transit fare rises from 35 cents to 50 cents.
1972 Bobby Fischer (US) defeats Boris Spassky (USSR) for world
chess title.
1971 Qatar declares independence from Britain
1970 Withdrawal from Vietnam
defeated in the US Senate ^top^
The US Senate rejects the McGovern-Hatfield
amendment by a vote of 55-39. This legislation, proposed by
Senators George McGovern of South Dakota and Mark Hatfield of
Oregon, would have set a deadline of 31 December 1971, for complete
withdrawal of American troops from South Vietnam. The Senate
also turned down 71-22, a proposal forbidding the Army from
sending draftees to Vietnam. Despite the defeat of these two
measures, the proposed legislation indicated the growing dissatisfaction
with President Nixon’s handling of the war. On this same day,
a bipartisan group of 14 senators, including both the majority
and minority leaders, signed a letter to the president asking
him to propose a comprehensive “standstill cease-fire” in South
Vietnam at the ongoing Paris peace talks. Under this plan, the
belligerents would stop fighting where they were on the battlefield
while a negotiated settlement was hammered out at the talks.
This approach had been discussed
and rejected earlier in the Nixon White House, but the president,
concerned that senators from his own party had signed the letter,
had to do something to quell the mounting opposition to the
seemingly endless war. Accordingly, on 07 October, in a major
televised speech, he proposed what he called a “major new initiative
for peace” a new truce plan for stopping the fighting
in Vietnam. Although Nixon did not offer any new concessions,
his speech got high marks in both Congress and the US media.
Unfortunately, the North Vietnamese rejected the overture, insisting
that no truce was possible until the Thieu regime agreed to
accept the authority of a coalition government in Saigon that
“favors peace, independence, and democracy.” Thieu stubbornly
refused to participate in any coalition government with the
communists. Subsequent negotiations with the North Vietnamese
in Paris remained deadlocked and the war continued. |
1969 Libyan revolution, Col Moammar Gadhafi deposes King Idris
1969 Qaddafi leads coup in Libya
^top^
Muammar al-Qaddafi, 27, a Libyan
army captain, leads a successful military coup against King
Idris I of Libya. Idris was deposed and Qaddafi was named chairman
of Libya's new governing body, the Revolutionary Command Council.
Qaddafi was born in a tent in the Libyan desert in 1942, the
son of a Bedouin farmer. A gifted student, he graduated from
the University of Libya in 1963 and the Libyan military academy
at Banghazi in 1965. An ardent Arab nationalist, he plotted
with a group of fellow officers to overthrow King Idris, who
was viewed as overly conservative and indifferent to the movement
for greater political unity among Arab countries. By the time
Qaddafi attained the rank of captain, in 1969, the revolutionaries
were ready to strike. They waited until King Idris was out of
the country, being treated for a leg ailment at a Turkish spa,
and then toppled his government in a bloodless coup. The monarchy
was abolished, and Idris traveled from Turkey to Greece before
finding asylum in Egypt. He died there in Cairo in 1983.
Blending Islamic orthodoxy, revolutionary
socialism, and Arab nationalism, Qaddafi established a fervently
anti-Western dictatorship in Libya. In 1970, he removed US and
British military bases and expelled Italian and Jewish Libyans.
In 1973, he took control of foreign-owned oil fields. He reinstated
traditional Islamic laws, such as prohibition of alcoholic beverages
and gambling, but liberated women and launched social programs
that improved the standard of living in Libya. As part of his
stated ambition to unite the Arab world, he sought closer relations
with his Arab neighbors, especially Egypt. However, when Egypt
and then other Arab nations began a peace process with Israel,
Libya became increasingly isolated.
Qaddafi's government financed
a wide variety of terrorist groups worldwide, from Palestinian
guerrillas and Philippine Muslim rebels to the Irish Republican
Army. During the 1980s, the West blamed him for numerous terrorist
attacks in Europe, and in April 1986 US war planes bombed Tripoli
in retaliation for a bombing of a West German dance hall. Qaddafi
was reportedly injured and his infant daughter killed in the
US attack. In the late 1990s, Qaddafi sought to lead Libya out
of its long international isolation by turning over to the West
two suspects wanted for the 1988 explosion of an airliner over
Lockerbie, Scotland. In response, the United Nations lifted
sanctions against Libya. The United States still maintains its
own embargo. After years of rejection in the Arab world, Qaddafi
also sought to forge stronger relations with non-Islamic African
nations such as South Africa, remodeling himself as an elder
African statesman. |
1966 De Gaulle urges US to get
out of Vietnam ^top^
In a speech before 100'000 in
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, President Charles de Gaulle of France
denounces US policy in Vietnam and urges the US government
to pull its troops out of Southeast Asia. De Gaulle said that
negotiations toward a settlement of the war could begin as soon
as the United States committed to withdrawing its troops by
a certain date. He and Prince Norodom Sihanouk signed a declaration
calling for noninterference in the Indochinese peninsula by
foreign nations. Three days later, Assistant Secretary of State
William Bundy on NBC-TV’s Meet The Press rejected de Gaulle’s
proposal and said that the United States intended to withdraw
its forces when “the North Vietnamese get out.” During the same
speech, he also revealed that the United States now had 25'000
military people in Thailand, principally for air force operations.
|
1962 UN announces Earth population has reached 3 billion.
1961 The Soviet Union ends a moratorium on atomic testing with
an above-ground nuclear explosion in central Asia.
1960 Disgruntled workers halt operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad
for two days, first shutdown in the company's 114-year history.
1957 At a massive rally in Times Square, Billy Graham concludes
his 16-week New York City evangelistic crusade in New York City, attended
by nearly 2 million people.
1956 Indian state of Tripura becomes a territory
1954 Social Security Act is amended to benefit another seven million
people, mostly self-employed farmers.
1951 The United States, Australia and New Zealand signed a mutual
defense pact, the ANZUS treaty.
1950 West Berlin granted a constitution
1948 Communist form North China People's Republic
1945 Japan surrenders ending WW II (US date, 9/2 in Japan)
1942 A federal judge in Sacramento, Calif., upheld the outrageous
wartime detention of Japanese-Americans as well as Japanese nationals.
1942 Future ENIAC creator views
mechanical computers ^top^
Herman Goldstine, a mathematician
working on ballistics calculation, visited the Moore School
of Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
The school had one of several existing "differential analyzers,"
mechanical devices for performing the complex mathematical calculations
required to compile firing tables for World War II artillery.
Firing tables were originally calculated by hand-each different
trajectory took five days to compute by hand but only an hour
on the differential analyzer. Still, the machine wasn't fast
enough to keep up with its enormous task; Goldstine therefore
began to look for engineers to produce a faster way to calculate
the tables. His quest led to the development of ENIAC, the first
widely publicized electronic computer, by Moore School engineers
John Mauchly and Presper Eckert. |
1941 Yellow star becomes obligatory for Jews in the Reich to
wear
1939 Germany starts blitzkrieg
against Poland, WW II ensues. ^top^
Seeking to regain territory lost
in WW I, and pretending to react to a "Polish aggression"
which he had staged the previous day, Adolf Hitler sends his
forces to bombard Poland on land and from the air, and fifty-six
German divisions cross the border.
It starts at 04:45 with the German warship Schlezwig-Holchstein
shelling Polish fortifications above the free town of Danzig.
Norway, Finland and Switzerland declare their neutrality and
Italy says it is "non-belligerent".
Hitler's “blitzkrieg” strategy
was characterized by extensive bombing early on to destroy the
enemy's air capacity, railroads, communication lines, and munitions
dumps, followed by a massive land invasion with overwhelming
numbers of troops, tanks, and artillery. Once the German forces
had plowed their way through, devastating a swath of territory,
infantry moved in, picking off any remaining resistance. Once
Hitler had a base of operations within the target country, he
immediately began setting up "security" forces to annihilate
all enemies of his Nazi ideology, whether racial, religious,
or political. Concentration camps for slave laborers and the
extermination of civilians went hand in hand with German rule
of a conquered nation.
Within one day of the German
invasion of Poland, Hitler was already setting up SS "Death's
Head" regiments to terrorize the populace. The Polish army made
several severe strategic miscalculations early on. Although
1 million strong, the Polish forces were severely under-equipped
and attempted to take the Germans head-on with horse cavalry
in a forward concentration, rather than falling back to more
natural defensive positions. The outmoded thinking of the Polish
commanders coupled with the antiquated state of its military
was simply no match for the overwhelming and modern mechanized
German forces. And, of course, any hope the Poles might have
had of a Soviet counter-response was dashed with the signing
of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Nonaggression Pact.
Two days after the invasion, England
and France would declared war against Nazi Germany, initiating
World War II in Europe. Great Britain would then bomb Germany
the next day.
At 04:45, some 1.5 million German
troops invade Poland all along its 2800-km border with German-controlled
territory. Simultaneously, the German Luftwaffe bombed Polish
airfields, and German warships and U-boats attacked Polish naval
forces in the Baltic Sea. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the
massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France
were not convinced. On 03 September, they declared war on Germany,
initiating World War II. To Hitler, the conquest of Poland would
bring Lebensraum, or "living space," for the German people.
According to his plan, the "racially superior" Germans would
colonize the territory and the native Slavs would be enslaved.
German expansion had begun in 1938 with the annexation of Austria
and then continued with the occupation of the Sudetenland and
then all of Czechoslovakia in 1939. Both had been accomplished
without igniting hostilities with the major powers, and Hitler
hoped that his invasion of Poland would likewise be tolerated.
To neutralize the possibility that the USSR would come to Poland's
aid, Germany signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union
on 23 August 1939.
In a secret clause of the agreement,
the ideological enemies agreed to divide Poland between them.
Hitler gave orders for the Poland invasion to begin on 26 August,
but on 25 August he delayed the attack when he learned that
Britain had signed a new treaty with Poland, promising military
support should it be attacked. To forestall a British intervention,
Hitler turned to propaganda and misinformation, alleging persecution
of German-speakers in eastern Poland. Fearing imminent attack,
Poland began to call up its troops, but Britain and France persuaded
Poland to postpone general mobilization until 31 August in a
last ditch effort to dissuade Germany from war. Shortly after
noon on 31 August, Hitler ordered hostilities against Poland
to begin at 04:45 the next morning. At 20:00 on 31 August, Nazi
S.S. troops wearing Polish uniforms staged a phony invasion
of Germany, damaging several minor installations on the German
side of the border. They also left behind a handful of dead
concentration camp prisoners in Polish uniforms to serve as
further evidence of the supposed Polish invasion, which Nazi
propagandists publicized as an unforgivable act of aggression.
At 04:45 on 01 September, the
invasion begins. Nazi diplomats and propagandists scrambled
to head off hostilities with the Western powers, but on 02 September
Britain and France demanded that Germany withdraw by 03 September
or face war. At 23:00 on 03 September, the British ultimatum
expired, and 15 minutes later British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain went on national radio to solemnly announce that
Britain was at war with Germany. Australia, New Zealand, and
India followed suit shortly thereafter. At 17:00, France declared
war on Germany.
In Poland, German forces advanced
at a dizzying rate. Employing a military strategy known as the
blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," armored divisions smashed through
enemy lines and isolated segments of the enemy, which were encircled
and captured by motorized German infantry while the panzer tanks
rushed forward to repeat the pattern. Meanwhile, the sophisticated
German air force the Luftwaffe destroyed Polish air capability,
provided air support for the blitzkrieg, and indiscriminately
bombed Polish cities in an effort to further terrorize the enemy.
The Polish army was able to mobilize
one million men but was hopelessly outmatched in every respect.
Rather than take a strong defensive position, troops were rushed
to the front to confront the Germans and were systematically
captured or annihilated. In a famously ill-fated strategy, Polish
commanders even sent horsed cavalry into battle against the
heavy German armor. By September 8, German forces had reached
the outskirts of Warsaw, having advanced 140 miles in the first
week of the invasion.
The Polish armed forces hoped
to hold out long enough so that an offensive could be mounted
against Germany in the west, but on September 17 Soviet forces
invaded from the east and all hope was lost. The next day, Poland's
government and military leaders fled the country. On 28 September,
the Warsaw garrison finally surrendered to a relentless German
siege. That day, Germany and the USSR concluded an agreement
outlining their zones of occupation. For the fourth time in
its history, Poland was partitioned by its more powerful neighbors.
Despite their declaration of
war against Germany, Britain and France did little militarily
to aid Poland. Britain bombed German warships on September 4,
but Chamberlain resisted bombing Germany itself. Though Germans
kept only 23 divisions in the west during their campaign in
Poland, France did not launch a full-scale attack even though
it had mobilized over four times that number. There were modest
assaults by France on its border with Germany but these actions
ceased with the defeat of Poland. During the subsequent seven
months, some observers accused Britain and France of waging
a "phony war," because, with the exception of a few dramatic
British-German clashes at sea, no major military action was
taken. However, hostilities escalated exponentially in 1940
with Germany's April invasion of Norway and May invasion of
the Low Countries and France.
In June 1941, Hitler attacked
the USSR, breaking his nonaggression with the Soviet Union,
and Germany seized all of Poland. During the German occupation,
nearly three million Polish Jews were killed in the Nazi death
camps. The Nazis also severely persecuted the Slavic majority,
deporting and executing Poles in an attempt to destroy the intelligentsia
and Polish culture. A large Polish resistance movement effectively
fought against the occupation with the assistance of the Polish
government-in-exile. Many exiled Poles also fought for the Allied
cause. The Soviets completed the liberation of Poland in 1945
and established a communist government in the nation.
1939 Hitler declenche la seconde guerre mondiale Le second malheur
du siècle qui s’annonçait par petites touches est maintenant
bien réel : Adolf Hitler, après avoir annexé l’Autriche (Anchluss)
et une partie de la Tchécoslovaquie, obtint des Alliés qu’ils
reconnaissent le fait accompli grâce aux accords de Munich (Le
Matin du jeudi 28-10-1999). Dans sa course et sa hargne de délivrer
l’Allemagne des accords de Versailles de 1918, il envahit la
Pologne le 1er septembre 1939. C’en est trop pour la France
et l’Angleterre qui avaient déjà « avalé la couleuvre » en 1939
et qui lui déclarent la guerre le 03 septembre.
Jusqu’en mai 1940, il ne se produit
rien de notable sur le front armé ; les armées de Hitler comme
celles de la France et de l’Angleterre sont immobilisées. C’est
la « drôle de guerre » qui va durer vingt mois. Le 10 May, Hitler
surprend son monde et déclenche l’offensive générale contre
la France, les Pays-Bas, la Belgique et le Luxembourg. Victoire
totale des troupes du führer : les armées de Belgique et des
Pays-Bas capitulent au bout de dix jours de combats. Hitler
encercle Dunkerque. L’Italie de Mussolini s’en mêle et déclare
la guerre à la France et à la Grande-Bretagne le 10 Jun. Le
14 Jun, les troupes allemandes entrent dans Paris . La Grande-Bretagne
résiste aux assauts allemands et reste seule en guerre contre
l’Allemagne. La bataille d’Angleterre reste un grand moment
de la résistance anglaise. Le 27 septembre 1940, le Japon donne
une autre dimension à la guerre et signe un pacte avec Hitler
et Mussolini : l’Axe Allemagne-Italie-Japon est né. Son but
: annexer le monde entier. La guerre est repartie et le fascisme
est tout près, en cette fin d’année 1940, à s’emparer de la
planète. Et Hitler de prendre sa revanche sur la défaite allemande
de 1918. |
1939 Physical Review publishes 1st paper to deal with "black
holes"
1932 NYC Mayor James J "Gentleman Jimmy" Walker resigns (graft
charges)
1928 Albania becomes a kingdom, with Zogu I as king
1918 US troops land in Vladivostok, Siberia, stay until 1920
1916 Keating-Owen Act (child labor banned from US interstate
commerce)
1916 Bulgaria declares war on Rumania as the First World War expands.
In 1878, Bulgaria had no army. By 1913, it had one of the most formidable
land forces in Europe.
1914 St Petersburg, Russia changes name to Petrograd
1911 M Fourny sets world aircraft distance record of 720 km
1906 Alberta adopts Mountain Standard Time
1906 Papua placed under Australian administration
1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan become 8th and 9th Canadian provinces
1904 Helen Keller graduates with honors from Radcliffe College.
1902 The Austro-Hungarian army is called into the city of Agram
to restore the peace as Serbs and Croats clash.
1894 By an act of Congress, Labor Day is declared a national holiday.
1882 The first Labor Day is observed in New York City by the Carpenters
and Joiners Union
1876 Battle of Aleksinac: the Ottomans inflict a decisive defeat
on the Serbs.
1875 Violent activist miners
convicted ^top^
The "Molly Maguires" were
radical Irish-American miners, Their 01 September 1875 murder
conviction effectively forces them to disband. Miners were forced
to work long hours in hazardous conditions for paltry pay. Mine
operators skirted around regulations with well-placed bribes.
Feeling powerless to effect change through "proper channels",
a group of anthracite miners in Pennsylvania decided to take
action. Using an Irish gang of terrorists as their model, the
miners donned women's clothes hence the name and set about
taming mine bosses and strike breakers. Mine officials responded
by hiring an operative of the anti-union Pinkerton Detective
Agency to infiltrate the Mollies; though this move ultimately
led to the murder trial, some still claim that the charges were
trumped-up to guarantee a conviction. |
1865 Joseph Lister performs 1st antiseptic surgery
1864 Atlanta
evacuated by Confederates
under General John Bell Hood. ^top^
They leave the city, a crucial
supply center for the Confederacy, in Union hands. Union General
William
T. Sherman's victory helped ensure Lincoln's reelection
two months later. With 110'000 men under his command, Sherman
began moving toward Atlanta on 05 May, 1864. By 06 July, Confederate
General Joseph
E. Johnston, who was defending the city with half as many
men, had retreated south of the Chattahoochee River onto Peachtree
Creek. General Hood relieved Johnston and attacked Sherman on
20 July, but was forced to retreat with a large number of casualties.
By August 31, Sherman had crossed Hood's supply line, forcing
him to evacuate the city the following day. In response, Hood
moved toward Nashville
where, on 16 December' he met defeat at the hands of General
George
H. Thomas |
1864 Battle of Jonesborough, Georgia concludes
1863 Siege of Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina continues
1859 RC Carrington & R Hodgson make 1st observation of solar
flare
1859 1st pullman sleeping car in service
1858 1st transatlantic cable fails after less than 1 month
1849 California Constitutional Convention held in Monterey
1836 First Paleface settlement
in US Northwest. ^top^
A wagon train of Presbyterian
missionaries, led by Dr. Marcus Whitman and H. H. Spalding,
having traveled the Oregon Trail, reach the site of modern Walla
Walla, WA. Whitman's wife Narcissa became the first white woman
to cross the North American continent. They establish the first
pale-face settlement in what would be northern Oregon Territory.
The settlement thrived until
1947 when an unusual drought and the spread of measles led suspicious
shamans of the local Cayuse tribe to order the massacre of all
thirteen members of the settlement, prompting Congress to organize
the Oregon Territory.
Narcissa Whitman arrives in Walla
Walla, Washington, becoming one of the first Anglo women to
settle west of the Rocky Mountains. Narcissa and Marcus Whitman,
along with their close friends Eliza and Henry Spalding, had
departed from New York earlier that year on the long overland
journey to the far western edge of the continent. The two couples
were missionaries, and Narcissa wrote that they were determined
to convert the "benighted ones" living in "the thick darkness
of heathenism" to Christianity. That summer when they crossed
the continental divide at South Pass, Narcissa and Eliza became
the first Anglo-American women in history to travel west of
the Rocky Mountains. Toward the end of their difficult 2900-km
overland journey, the two couples split up, with the Spaldings
heading for Idaho while Narcissa and her husband traveled to
a settlement near present-day Walla Walla, Washington, where
they established a mission for the Cayuse Indians.
For 11 years the couples' missionary
work went well, and they succeeded in converting many of the
Cayuse to Christianity. But in 1847, a devastating measles epidemic
swept through the area, killing many of the Cayuse, who had
no immunity to the disease, while leaving most of the white
people at the mission suspiciously unharmed. Convinced that
the missionaries or their god had cursed them with an evil plague,
in November of 1847, a band of Cayuse attacked the mission and
killed 14 people, including Narcissa and her husband. Narcissa
Whitman thus became not only one of the first white women to
live in the Far West, but also one of the first white women
to die there. |
1821 William Becknell leads a group of traders from Independence,
Mo., toward Santa Fe on what would become the Santa Fe Trail.
1807 Aaron Burr acquitted
^top^
Former US Vice President Aaron
Burr, 51, is acquitted on charges of plotting to annex Spanish
territory in Louisiana and Mexico to be used toward the establishment
of an independent republic. In 1801, in an election conducted
before presidential and vice presidential candidates shared
a single ticket, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist
incumbent John Adams with seventy-three electoral votes each.
The tie vote then went to the House to be decided, and Federal
leader Alexander Hamilton was instrumental in breaking the deadlock
in Jefferson's favor. Burr, because he finished second, became
vice president, but Jefferson grew apart from Burr, and did
not support his nomination to a second term in 1804.
A faction of the Federalists,
who had found their fortunes drastically diminished after the
ascendance of Jefferson, sought to enlist the disgruntled Burr
into their party. However, Hamilton opposed such a move, and
was quoted by a New York newspaper saying that he "looked upon
Mr. Burr to be a dangerous man, and one who ought not to be
trusted with the reins of government." The article also referred
to occasions when Hamilton had expressed an even "more despicable
opinion of Burr." Burr demanded an apology, Hamilton refused,
so Burr challenged his old political enemy to a duel. On 11
July 1804, the pair met at a remote spot in Weehawken Heights,
New Jersey. Hamilton, whose son was killed in a duel three years
earlier, deliberately fired into the air, but Burr fired with
intent to kill. Hamilton, fatally wounded, died in New York
City the next day.
The questionable circumstances
of Hamilton's death effectively brought Burr's political career
to an end. Fleeing to Virginia, he traveled to New Orleans after
finishing his term as vice president, and met with US General
James Wilkinson, who was an agent for the Spanish. The exact
nature of what the two plotted is unknown, but speculation ranges
from the establishment of an independent republic in the American
Southwest to the seizure of territory in Spanish America for
the same purpose.
In the fall of 1806, Burr led
a group of well-armed colonists toward New Orleans, prompting
an immediate investigation by US authorities. General Wilkinson,
in an effort to save himself, turned against Burr and sent dispatches
to Washington accusing Burr of treason. On February 19, 1807,
Burr was arrested in Alabama for treason and sent to Richmond,
Virginia, to be tried in a US circuit court.
On 01 September 1807, he is acquitted
on the grounds that, although he had conspired against the United
States, he was not guilty of treason because he had not engaged
in an "overt act," a requirement of treason as specified by
the US Constitution. Nevertheless, public opinion condemned
him as a traitor. He soon left for Europe, where he tried in
vain to enlist the aid of Napoléon in a plan to conquer
Florida. Burr remained abroad for four years, living in penury.
Bereft and lonely, he returned to New York in 1812 and practiced
law until his death on 14 September 1836. |
1730 Lanzarote volcano erupts, in the Canary Islands.
1676 Nathaniel Bacon leads an uprising against English Governor
William Berkeley at Jamestown, Virginia, resulting in the settlement
being burned to the ground. Bacon's Rebellion came in response to the
governor's repeated refusal to defend the colonists against the Indians.
1666 Great London Fire begins in Pudding Lane. 80% of London
is destroyed
1614 Vincent Fettmich expels Jews from Frankfurt-on-Main, Germany
1381 Émeutes de Bittéroises.
Malgré le majorité du roi Charles VI le Fol, ses oncles les
ducs d'Anjou, de Bourgogne, de Bourbon et d'Aragon continuent
d'assumer la régence. Ce qui leur permet de vider les caisses
royales. Ils ont créé de nouvelles taxes, dont les fouages.
Cet impôt (à payer par foyer) provoque des troubles et
des émeutes dans tout le royaume. Les bourgeois de Béziers se
révoltent eux aussi. Ils sont réprimés par les "tuchins" ( les
" tue-chiens " ), qui pillent, violent et volent. En dépit de
cette répression, l'agitation gagne tout le Languedoc. |
1217 Traité de Kingston.
Blanche de Castille a demandé à son beau-père Philippe
II Auguste les sommes nécessaires au Dauphin Louis, son mari,
auquel des barons anglais en révolte contre Jean sans Terre
ont proposé le trône d'Angleterre. Elle en est presque arrivée
au chantage en lui lançant cette menace : "J'ai de beaux enfants,
par la Sainte Mère de Dieu ! Je les mettrai en gage, car je
trouverai bien quelqu'un qui me prêtera dessus." Ce à quoi Philippe
II Auguste a répondu : "Gardez vos enfants et puisez à votre
gré dans mon trésor." Par ce traité, Louis, dauphin de France,
fils de Philippe II (l'Auguste), renonce au trône d'Angleterre
contre la somme de 10'000 marcs. |
0891 Northmen defeated near Louvaine, France
0069 Traditional date of the destruction of Jerusalem
312 -BC- Origin of Greek Era Start of Indiction of Constantinople
5492 -BC- Origin of Ecclesiastical Era of Antioch
5508 -BC- Origin of Civil Era of Constantinople
5598 -BC- Origin of Grecian Mundane Era
|