1930 Troops lead by the Sandinista Miguel Angel Ortiz
ambushes a US Marine patrol in the muddy ravines of Achuapa, Nicaragua.
1929 El Congreso Nacional Indio, inspirado por Gandhi,
se declara a favor de la completa independencia de la India.
1929
Pío XI publica la encíclica Divini Illius Magistri, dedicada a
la educación cristiana.
1924 Hubble announces existence
of distant galaxies.
1924 Se encarga al investigador
Oskar Vogt que haga la autopsia del cerebro del fundador de la URSS Vladimir
Ilich Ulianov “Lenin”, muerto el 21 Jan 1924.
1923
1st transatlantic radio broadcast of a voice, Pittsburgh-Manchester
1921 Last San Francisco firehorses retired.
1913 El Ministerio de la Gobernación español establece
la censura sobre el material cinematográfico.
1911 Marie Curie first to receive
a 2nd Nobel Prize.
Prize Marie Sklodowska Curie receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for her isolation of the element of metallic radium and other earlier
discoveries in the field of chemistry. She is the first person to
be awarded a second Nobel Prize, eight years after she became the
first woman ever to be honored with a Nobel Prize. In 1903, the prestigious
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Curie, her husband, Pierre
Curie, and the physicist, A. H. Becquerel, with a joint Nobel Prize
in Physics for their discovery of radioactivity and the elements of
polonium and radium. The Polish-born Marie Sklodowska married French
scientist Pierre Curie in Paris in 1895, and Marie conducted independent
research in the facilities of the municipal school in which Pierre
was the director of laboratories. Following A. H. Becquere's discovery
of radioactivity, she began to investigate uranium, a radioactive
element found in pitchblende, and in 1898 she reported that another
unknown element likely existed in the mineral. Pierre Curie joined
in her research and later in the year, the couple discovered the elements
of polonium and radium. Three years after receiving the Nobel Prize,
Pierre Curie was killed in a road accident. Marie took over his chair
for physics at Sorbonne University in Paris, and continued her research
into radioactive elements. In 1910, Curie and her assistant, Andre
Debierne, isolated metallic radium and in the next year she was later
awarded her second Nobel Prize. She was made director of the laboratory
of radioactivity at the Curie Institute of Radium, established jointly
by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris, and began influential
research on radioactivity and the value of radiological services and
radium therapy in medicine. |
1906 La documentación necesaria para la ratificación de
los acuerdos de Algeciras es entregada en Madrid.
1901 End
of the worst year in the 20th century for lynchings in the US: 105 Blacks,
25 Whites.
1897 Brooklyn's last day as a city,
it incorporates into NYC (1/1/1898)
1890 Ellis
Island (New York NY) opens as a US immigration depot, replacing Castle Garden.
1879 Public light bulb demonstration
The Pennsylvania Railroad runs
special trains to Thomas Edison's Menlo Park laboratory so that the
public can witness a demonstration of his newest invention, the incandescent
light bulb. In October 1879, Edison and a young assistant Francis
Upton finally developed a carbon filament that would burn in a vacuum
in a glass bulb for forty hours. They demonstrated the bulb to their
financial backers on 01 December 1879.
In the first public demonstration of his incandescent lightbulb, American
inventor Thomas Alva Edison lights up a street in Menlo Park, New
Jersey. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company ran special trains to Menlo
Park on the day of the demonstration in response to public enthusiasm
over the event.
Although the
first incandescent lamp had been produced 40 years earlier, no inventor
had been able to come up with a practical design until Edison embraced
the challenge in the late 1870s. After countless tests, he developed
a high-resistance carbon-thread filament that burned steadily for
hours and an electric generator sophisticated enough to power a large
lighting system.
Born in Milan,
Ohio, in 1847, Edison received little formal schooling, which was
customary for most Americans at the time. He developed serious hearing
problems at an early age, and this disability provided the motivation
for many of his inventions. At age 16, he found work as a telegraph
operator and soon was devoting much of his energy and natural ingenuity
toward improving the telegraph system itself. By 1869, he was pursuing
invention full-time and in 1876 moved into a laboratory and machine
shop in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
Edison's experiments were guided by his remarkable intuition, but
he also took care to employ assistants who provided the mathematical
and technical expertise he lacked. At Menlo Park, Edison continued
his work on the telegraph, and in 1877 he stumbled on one of his great
inventions--the phonograph--while working on a way to record telephone
communication. Public demonstrations of the phonograph made the Yankee
inventor world famous, and he was dubbed the "Wizard of Menlo Park."
Although the discovery of a
way to record and play back sound ensured him a place in the annals
of history, the phonograph was only the first of several Edison creations
that would transform late 19th-century life. Among other notable inventions,
Edison and his assistants developed the first practical incandescent
lightbulb in 1879 and a forerunner of the movie camera and projector
in the late 1880s. In 1887, he opened the world's first industrial
research laboratory at West Orange, where he employed dozens of workers
to investigate systematically a given subject.
Perhaps Edison's greatest contribution to the modern industrial world
came from his work in electricity. He developed a complete electrical
distribution system for light and power, set up the world's first
power plant in New York City, and invented the alkaline battery, the
first electric railroad, and a host of other inventions that laid
the basis for the modern electrical world. One of the most prolific
inventors in history, he continued to work into his 80s and acquired
1,093 patents in his lifetime. He died in 1931 at the age of 84. |
1874 Se decreta la restauración de la monarquía española,
tras la adhesión del capitán general de Castilla la Nueva, Primo de Rivera,
al pronunciamiento de Arsenio Martínez Campos.
1870
J D Schneiter patents rocket mail in France, (not done)
1862 President Lincoln signs act admitting West Virginia to the
Union
1862 Battle of Parker's Crossroads
Confederate
General Nathan Bedford Forrest narrowly escapes capture during a raid
in western Tennessee. Despite the close call, the raid was instrumental
in forcing Union General Ulysses S. Grant to abandon his first attempt
to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Forrest set out from Columbus, Tennessee, on 11 December 1862 to raid
Union supply lines. He defeated a Union force at Lexington, Tennessee,
on 18 December 1862 and spent the week of Christmas destroying Federal
rail lines north of Jackson, Tennessee. By the end of December, several
Union forces were bearing down on Forrest's cavalry. As the Confederates
approached Parker's Crossroads, they detected a Yankee force ahead
and Forrest decided to attack.
Forrest approached the Union troops and sent part of his force around
their flank. His dismounted cavalry were enjoying great success when
firing suddenly sounded behind Forrest's troops. Another Yankee detachment
had surprised the Confederates. The men assigned to hold the horses
of the attacking Confederates were now fleeing in panic right past
Forrest. At one point, Forrest himself came upon Union troops, who
demanded that he surrender. He agreed and rode off to gather his force.
The Rebel commander then calmly surveyed the situation and reportedly
said, "Charge them both ways." He diverted part of his men from the
initial attack to turn against the Federals coming from behind.
Though 300 of Forrest's men were captured,
the bulk of his forces escaped. The close call only served to enhance
Forrest's reputation as a brilliant battlefield commander. Despite
the loses, the raid--combined with General Earl Van Dorn's raid on
Union supply lines further to the west--convinced Grant to abort his
attempt on Vicksburg. |
1862 Battle of Stones River (Murfeesboro), begins in central
Tennessee. The armies struggled in the bitter cold for three days before
the Union army, commanded by General William Rosecrans, defeated the Confederates
under Braxton Bragg.
1857 Queen Victoria chooses
Ottawa as new capital of Canada — La ciudad de Ottawa se convierte
en la capital de Canadá.
1832 El rey Fernando VII
declara públicamente que el decreto por el que había derogado la Pragmática
Sanción carecía de valor.
1805 (10 nivôse An XIV)
End of French Republican calendar; France returns to Gregorian calendar.
1784 Carlos III establece en España la pena de galera para
reforzar la lucha contra los piratas.
1781 Bank
of North America, 1st US bank opens
1776 Rhode
Island establishes wage & price controls to curb inflation: Limit is $0.70
a day for carpenters, $0.42 for tailors
1744 James
Bradley announces discovery of Earth's motion of nutation
1687 The first shipload of emigrating Huguenots (French Protestants)
leaves France for the Cape of Good Hope, where they would later create the
South African wine industry with the vines they took with them on the voyage.
1600 Charter granted to the
East India Company
Queen Elizabeth I of England grants a formal charter to the London
merchants trading to the East Indies, hoping to break the Dutch monopoly
of the spice trade. In the first few decades of its existence, Britain's
East India Company makes far less progress in the East Indies than
it does in India itself, where it acquires unequaled trade privileges
from India's Mogul emperors. By the 1630s, the company abandons its
East Indies operations almost entirely, and concentrates on its lucrative
trade of Indian textiles and tea. In the early eighteenth century,
Mogul power declines, and the company begins to protect its interests
by intervening more and more in Indian political affairs. The company,
which has its own military, defeats the rival French East India Company
in 1752 and the Dutch in 1759. With a near monopoly in India, the
East India Company takes over the administration of the Indian state
of Bengal. In 1773, the British government passes the Regulating Act
to reign in the company, and its possessions in India are subsequently
managed by a governor general. Under the East India Act of 1784, the
British government assumes more direct responsibility for British
activities in India, setting up a board of control for India. The
parliamentary acts of 1813 and 1833 end the East India Company's trade
monopoly, and the British government becomes increasingly the effective
ruler of India. In 1857, a revolt by Indian soldiers in the Bengal
army of the company develops into a widespread uprising against British
rule in India. After the so-called Indian Mutiny is crushed in 1858,
the British government assumes direct control over India, and the
East India Company is dissolved. |
1582 Dernier jour de l'année: En 1582, sous l'impulsion
du pape Grégoire XIII, tous les pays catholiques romains décidèrent que
le premier jour de l'année sera désormais le 01 janvier.
1566
Felipe II de España informa a Margarita de Austria duquesa de Parma que
un ejército de 10'000 veteranos españoles, bajo el mando de Fernando III
duque de Alba marchará, en abril, de Lombardía a los Países Bajos para restaurar
el poder real.
| 1494 Charles VIII de France
entre à Rome par la Porte du Peuple. Il est
acclamé tout au long du parcours qui le mène au palais San Marco.
Selon les témoins entourant Louis d'Orléans, qui accompagne le roi,
celui-ci "entra dans Rome plus triomphalement et mieux accompagné
que ne fit aucun prince qui soit en la mémoire de ceux qui sont vivants".
Sur les étendards du roi, les mots "Voluntas Dei. Missus a Deo" Le
pape Alexandre Borgia reste dans son palais... |
1492 Jews are expelled from Sicily.
1431
Yusuf IV es proclamado sultán de Granada tras una sublevación popular que
destrona a Muhammad IX.
1229 Jaime I "el Conquistador",
rey de Aragón, toma la ciudad de Mallorca a los árabes.
1147
Ramón Berenguer IV , conde de Barcelona, reconquista la ciudad de Tortosa.
0406 (date approximative). Vandales, Burgondes et Francs
venus d'Allemagne pénètrent dans la Gaule romaine, suivis par les Wisigoths
venus du Danube.
|
On
a 31 December: 
Eventually, an investigation into the murders exposed the conspiracy and
nine people were convicted for their involvement, including Tony Boyle,
who died in prison. Gilly, Vealey, Martin, and Pass all remained in jail
past the end of the century. Fortunately, the scandal prompted serious reform
of the UMW union.
. 
