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Dec 14| HISTORY
4 2DAY
|Dec 16
>> Events, deaths, births, of 15 DEC [For Dec 15 Julian go to Gregorian date: 1582~1699: Dec 25 1700s: Dec 26 1800s: Dec 27 1900~2099: Dec 28] |
On a December
15: 2002 Election to the 182-seat state assembly of Gujarat, India. The anti-Muslim Hindu fundamentalist Bharatiya Janata Party, which also leads the national coalition government, wins 126 seats, the Congress Party 51. Gujarat, whose population is 55 million, has 5 million Muslims. 2002 The United Nations High Commission for Refugees distributes clothes and footwear in makeshift shelter and tent camps along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border to refugees from the four-year drought in Afghanistan, more than from the past fighting. Among the nearly 100'000 persons living in four camps at Spin Boldak, Afghanistan, 41 children have died in the first two weeks of December 2002, from the cold aggravating their malaria, tuberculosis, and, mostly, pneumonia, according to press reports. Winter temperatures in the area often fall to –10ºC. Afghanistan has an estimated 700'000 internal refugees.
2000 US First Lady and Senator-elect Hillary Rodham Clinton agreed to an $8 million book deal with publisher Simon and Schuster for her White House memoirs. |
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1995 Trading on the New York Stock Exchange reaches a record 652.8 million shares, topping the old mark of 608.2 million shares set on 20 October 20, 1987. The total includes 24.3 million shares of K-Mart, which close at their low of thirteen years. 1994 John Bruton becomes Ireland's premier 1993 GATT Uruguay Round completed 1993 British premier Major and Irish premier Reynolds sign Downing Street Declaration concerning Northern Ireland self determination 1993 Haitian premier Robert Malval resigns 1990 More than 400 American Roman Catholic theologians charged that the Vatican had been throttling church reforms and imposing "an excessive Roman centralization. They contended that the Vatican had undercut a greater role for women, slowed the ecumenical drive for Christian unity and undermined the collegial functioning of national conferences of bishops. 1989 A popular uprising began that resulted in the downfall of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. 1988 Father Alvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri is appointed bishop of San Marcos, Guatemala. He would be ordained a bishop on 06 January 1989. He was born in Guatemala City on 16 June 1947 and ordained a priest on 27 June 1971. |
1983 Last 80 US combat soldiers in Grenada withdraw.
1982 Spain reopens border with Gibraltar. 1982 São Tomé and Príncipe constitution approved 1982 Roy Williams, Teamsters pres, and 4 others convicted of bribery 1980 Premier Queddei troops conquers Chad capital N'djamena 1979 Deposed Shah of Iran leaves US for Panama 1979 World Court in Hague rules Iran should release all US hostages
1972 The Commonwealth of Australia orders equal pay for women. |
1967 President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the meat bill in the presence of Upton Sinclair the author of the controversial book The Jungle. 1965 The United States bombs an industrial center near Haiphong Harbor, North Vietnam. 1965 US bombers strike industrial targets in North Vietnam In the first raid on a major North Vietnamese industrial target, US Air Force planes destroy a thermal power plant at Uong Bi, l4 miles north of Haiphong. The plant reportedly supplied about 15% of North Vietnam's total electric power production. 1964 Canada adopts maple leaf flag 1961 Adolf Eichmann, the former Nazi official accused of a major role in the extermination of 6 million Jews, is sentenced by a Jerusalem court to be hanged.
1956 The Communist government of Poland allows religious instruction in schools on a voluntary basis. 1954 Netherlands Antilles becomes co-equal part of Kingdom of Netherlands 1948 Former state department official Alger Hiss is indicted by a federal grand jury in New York on charges of perjury. (He was convicted in 1950.) 1946 Vietnam leader Ho Chi Minh sends a note to the new French Premier, Leon Blum, asking for peace talks. |
1944 US Congress gives General Eisenhower his 5th star 1944 US troops lands on Mindoro 1944 The battle for Luzon begins. 1941 USS Swordfish becomes 1st US sub to sink a Japanese ship 1941 An AFL council adopts a no-strike policy in war industries, which include automotive plants being converted to World War II military production (domestic automobile manufacturing stops completely from 1941 to 1944). 1938 Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews.
1920 China wins a place on the League Council; Austria is admitted. 1919 Fiume (Rijeka) declares it's Independence 1917 Moldavian Republic declares independence from Russia. 1917 A Brest-Litovsk, les bolcheviks russes signent un armistice avec les Allemands et les Autrichiens. Dès le 08 novembre, soit le lendemain de la prise de pouvoir par les bolcheviks des centres vitaux de Petrograd, Lénine avait signé un décret qui proposait une "paix sans annexions" à tous les belligérants. Mais ce décret d'un agitateur au pouvoir encore incertain était resté lettre morte. Lénine se résoud à demander l'armistice pour prendre de court les Russes qui veulent continuer le combat, y compris dans son parti. Soucieux de consolider son pouvoir sur la Russie, Lénine veut en finir avec la Grande Guerre commencée trois ans plus tôt. Convaincu que les vainqueurs finiront par être balayés par la révolution prolétarienne, il est prêt à concéder aux Allemands tout ce qu'ils voudront. Les négociations de paix dureront jusqu'au 03 mars 1918. 1916 French defeat Germans in WW I Battle of Verdun 1914 Battle of Lodz ends; Russians retreat toward Moscow 1914 After closing for over four months in the wake of the start of WW I in Europe (to avoid a panic in European shares, which totales $2.4 billion), the New York Stock Exchange reopens, with some trading restrictions. 1900 Count Leo Tolstoy writes to the Tsar asking him to end religious persecution. 1899 Battle at Colenso, South Africa, the Boers defeat the British. |
1886 Trading on the New York Stock Exchange reaches a record 1.2 million shares
1862 In New Orleans, Louisiana, Union Major General Benjamin F. Butler turns his command over to Nathaniel Banks. The citizens of New Orleans hold farewell parties for Butler, The Beast, but only after he leaves. 1859 GR Kirchoff describes chemical composition of Sun 1854 1st street-cleaning machine in US 1st used in Philadelphia
1799 Bonaparte, Premier consul, déclare "La Révolution est finie" lorsqu'il proclame la Constitution de l'An VIII, qui met en place le Consulat. Le programme de Bonaparte consiste en une phrase : "Rendre la République chère aux citoyens, respectable aux étrangers, formidable aux ennemis, telles sont les obligations que nous avons contractées en acceptant la première magistrature. 1796 le général Bonaparte remporte une brillante victoire sur les Autrichiens du général Avinczy à Arcole, dans le Piémont italien. Après trois jours de combats indécis, Bonaparte s'élance sur un pont sous la mitraille. Il tombe dans les marais et s'écrie: "Soldats, en avant pour sauver le général". Ses grenadiers se ruent en avant. La victoire est à la France. 1794 Revolutionary Tribunal abolished in France. |
1660 Philippines: Andres Malong's rebels plunders Bagnotan 1612 Simon Marius, is 1st to observe Andromeda galaxy through a telescope 1582 Spanish Netherlands/Denmark/Norway adopt Gregorian calendar 1488 Bartholomeus Diaz returns to Portugal after sailing round Cape of Good Hope
0687 St Sergius I begins his reign as Pope
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Deaths
which occurred on a December 15: 2002 Keith McCaw, 49, in the hottub of his mansion in Seattle. He was a billionaire listed by Forbes magazine as the 445th-richest person in the world in 2002, tied with brothers Bruce and John. His other brother, Craig McCaw, was listed as the world's 168th richest person, worth $2.4 billion. They made their fortune when AT&T bought their cellular-phone company McCaw Cellular Communications for $11.5 billion in 1994. Their father, Elroy McCaw, made a fortune owning radio and television stations, but the family estate was declared bankrupt after he died of a stroke in 1969. 2002 Four children and two adults, trampled by drunken elephants, in Tinsukia, Assam. Of India's 10'000 wild elephants, 5500 are in Assam. They are protected by law, but destruction of their habitat makes them emerge from the forests by the hundreds in search of food and trample rice fields and destroy granaries. Some of them have become alcoholics and, when they invade villages they look for rice beer and local liquor. 2001 Four Palestinians, including two boys aged 12 and 17, and Ahmed al-Bassuni, 28, a police officer whose jeep was hit, before dawn, when more than a dozen Israeli tanks, accompanied by armored personnel carriers and jeeps, enter Beit Hanoun at the northern tip of Gaza, and (they say) come under fire and shoot back. Some 40 Palestinians are injured. 2000 Derwin Brown, 46, [photo >] shot 11 times with a large caliber TEC-9 semiautomatic pistol, shortly before midnight outside of his home in Decatur, Georgia. He was the sheriff-elect of Dekalb County, to be sworn in on December 18, and had just completed Sheriff academy training. He won the August runoff election after a bitter campaign against corrupt Sheriff Sidney Dorsey. Brown served in the DeKalb Police Department for 23 years where, most recently, he had risen to the rank of police captain. Dorsey would be arrested on 30 November 2001 and put on trial in June 2002 for having, about a week after the election, ordered the killing of Brown to DeKalb County jailer Patrick Cuffy, Paul Skyers, deputy David Ramsey, and Melvin Walker, the last two being the trigger men, at whose trial Cuffy would thus testify on 14 March 2002. 2000 Nourreddin Abu Safi, 22, one of six Palestinians killed by Israelis in five separate shootings this day. One more would die of his wounds the next day. 2000 Elisabeth Mathild Otto, 29, jumping or falling out of open emergency exit in Hewlettt-Packard corporate plane at 600 m over Sacramento. She was a Dutch employee of HP Germany on temporary assignment in California. 1994: 48 inhabitants of Monrovia killed by Liberia militia. 1991 At least 464 persons as an Egyptian-registered ferry sinks in the Red Sea. 1986 150 killed during race riot in Karachi 1971 Paul Lévy, mathematician. 1967 34 die as Silver Bay bridge (Oh-WV) collapses during afternoon rush hour, into the Ohio River. Dozens of cars fall into the icy water. Many more people are injured. 1966 Walt Disney, animator, 65, goes into suspended animation. He was born on 05 December 1901. 1965 Some 10'000 by 3rd cyclone of year at mouths of Ganges River, Bangladesh 1958 Wolfgang Pauli, mathematician.
Gabriel Péri protesta contre cette compromission du Parti avec l'occupant, ce qui lui valut d'être écarté de la rédaction puis trahi par les siens. Il fut arrêté le 18 mai 1941 alors que déjà, les communistes français se préparaient à entrer en résistance au vu des menaces contre la «patrie du socialisme réel», l'Union soviétique du camarade Staline. — [Péri péri et pas du béri-béri]
1915 Enoch Wood Perry, US artist born in 1831. 1914 Bernardus Johannes Bloomers, Dutch artist born on 30 January 1845. 1904 Ottokar Walter, Austrian artist born on 30 October 1853. 1899 Alberto Pasini Italian artist born on 02 September 1826. 1890 Chief Sitting Bull of the Sioux and 11 other tribe members, killed in Grand River, S.D., by US agents heading Amerindian auxiliaries. 1889 Ferdinand II A F A, 73, king of Portugal.
1838 Léger, mathematician. 1826 William Browser, revolted slave, executed in NYC 1816 Charles Stanhope, a British earl. He invented two early mechanical calculators, as well as a printing press, a microscope lens, and various other scientific devices. He argued for the democratization of Parliament and criticized the slave trade in British colonies. 1805 Dirk Thierry (or Théodore) Langendyk, Dutch artist born on 08 March 1748. 1713 cavaliere Carlo Maratti (or Maratta), Italian painter born on 15 May 1625. MORE ON MARATTI AT ART 4 DECEMBER LINKS Self-portrait Adoration of the Magi (in Garland) . Adoration of the Shepherds Apollo Chasing Daphne 1675 (burial) Jan Vermeer van Delft, great Dutch painter who was born shortly before his 31 October 1632 baptism. MORE ON VERMEER AT ART 4 DECEMBER LINKS Christ in the House of Martha and Mary Saint Praxidis The Procuress _ detail 1 _ detail 2 View of Delft The Kitchen Maid The Love Letter (giant size) _ The Love Letter _ detail 1 _ detail 2 View of Houses in Delft (The Little Street) Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (giant size) Woman in Blue Reading a Letter _ detail Woman Asleep at Table _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 _ detail 4 Officer with a Laughing Girl _ detail 1 _ detail 2 A Lady Drinking and a Gentleman _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 _ detail 4 A Lady and Two Gentlemen _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 _ detail 4 Girl Interrupted at Her Music _ detail A Lady Writing a Letter A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 Woman with a Lute near a Window _ detail Woman with a Pearl Necklace _ detail Woman Holding a Balance Young Woman with a Water Jug _ detail 1 _ detail 2 Girl with a Pearl Earring _ zoom in _ zoom in some more The Concert _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ Portrait of a Young Woman The Art of Painting _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 _ detail 4 _ detail 5 Lady with Her Maidservant Holding a Letter _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 Young Girl with a Flute Girl with a Red Hat The Astronomer _ detail The Geographer _ detail The Lacemaker _ detail 1 _ detail 2 Lady Writing a Letter With Her Maid _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 The Allegory of the Faith _ detail 1 _ detail 2 The Guitar Player _ zoom in Lady Seated at a Virginal _ zoom in Lady Standing at a Virginal _ detail 1 _ detail 2 _ detail 3 1515 Alfonso de Albuquerque, viceroy of Portuguese Indies 1230 Ottokar I, king of Bohemia (1197-1230) |
Births which
occurred on a December 15:
1944 Hizbu'allah (Armed forces for Allah) forms
1928 Friedrich Stowasser Hundertwasser, Austrian painter who died in 2000 LINKS Venice Good Morning City Venezia 1916 Maurice Wilkins England, physicist, worked with DNA (Nobel 1962) 1913 Muriel Rukeyser US, poet (1977 Shelley Memorial Award) 1912 Goodstein, mathematician. 1907 Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilians architect (Brasilia) 1906 Betty Smith novelist (A Tree Grows in Brooklyn) |
1892 Jean Paul Getty, Minneapolis MN. Oil billionaire
reputed to be the richest man in the world at the time of his death (6 June
1976). He owned a controlling interest in the Getty Oil Company and in nearly
200 other concerns. 1891 Basketball invented by James Naismith (Canada) 1888 Maxwell Anderson US, dramatist (Winter Set, High Tor) 1884 Eugen Zak, Polish artist who died on 15 January 1926. The Nun 1882 Helena Rubinstein, US cosmetic manufacturer 1877 Phonograph patented by Thomas Edison 1863 Arthur D Little US, chemist (patented rayon) 1863, Paul Prudent Painlevé, French mathematician/minister/premier 1861 Charles Edgar Duryea inventor (1st auto built & operated in US) 1860 Niels R Finsen Denmark, physician/phototherapist (Nobel 1903) 1859 Ludwik L Zamenhof Russian Poland, created Esperanto 1852 Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity (Nobel 1903) 1852 Tewfik Pasha, khedive (viceroy) of Egypt 1848 Edwin Howland Blashfield, US artist who died in 1936. LINKS
1823 Davidov, mathematician. 1802 János Bolyai , Romania, mathematician (non-Euclidean geometry) 1793 Henry Charles Carey Philadelphia PA, economist (Principles of Poli Economy) 1787 Charles Cowden Clarke English editor/Shakespearean critic. 1777 Jean-Georges Hirn, French artist who died on 09 April 1839. 1734 George Romney, fashionable portrait painter of late 18th-century English society. He died on 15 November 1802. MORE ON ROMNEY AT ART 4 DECEMBER LINKS George, First Marquis of Townshend David Scott, Esq., of Dunniald William Sotherton, The Younger, of Darrington Portrait of a Gentleman (Colonel Thomas) Mirth (Sketch for Head of Comedy) Madame de Genlis Troilus & Cressida,act II, Scene II Miss Constable Lady in a Brown Robe The Leigh Family Miss Willoughby Lady Hamilton in a Straw Hat Lady Hamilton as 'Nature' Tom Hayley as Robin Goodfellow 1731 Maseres, mathematician. 1664 Jan-Baptiste van der Meiren, Flemish artist who died is 1708. 1610 David Teniers II, prolific Flemish painter of the Baroque period known for his genre scenes of peasant life. He died on 25 April 1690. MORE ON TENIERS AT ART 4 DECEMBER LINKS Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria in his Gallery Before the Inn Flemish Kermess Peasants Dancing outside an Inn Peasants Merry-making Return from the Hunt The Temptation of St Anthony another Temptation of St Anthony Village Feast another The Village Feast Armorial Tapestry Men Gambling (Un Jeu de Morra)..., The Music Party or Flemish Interior... David Teniers the Younger Revelers in a Tavern Interior Latona and the Frogs The Family Party (or Family of the Artist) genre scenes of peasant life Twelfth-night The Village Fête the Archduke's picture gallery Twelfth Night (The King Drinks) Kitchen Scene Peasants Dancing outside an Inn
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Quirinus Une des 7 collines qui composent le site de la ville de Rome, l’un des plus anciens, est le Mont Quirinal. En l’honneur du dieu Quirinus. C’est un des personnages les plus difficiles et les plus complexes du panthéon romain, et qui fut encore compliqué par les exégètes modernes. À l’époque archaïque, il formait avec Jupiter et Mars une triade cohérente et articulée. La preuve en est fournie, d’une part, par l’existence d’un flamine majeur attaché à sa personne (le troisième dans l’ordre de préséance), d’autre part, par la formule de la "dévotion" où cette triade est énoncée dans l’ordre même où sont rangés les flamines majeurs. Son nom dérive d'une racine qui devait désigner la totalité d’une collectivité humaine ; on pourrait le traduire par "le maître de la totalité des hommes". Son flamine intervenait dans trois fêtes d’une grande importance pour la croissance, la conservation et la consommation des céréales : le 25 avril, où l’on s’efforçait de protéger les blés des attaques de la rouille ; le 21 août et le 15 décembre, où l’on honorait le dieu protecteur de l’engrangement en étroite liaison avec la déesse de la fécondité Ops (fêtée lors des fêtes du 13 Décembre avec Cérès, cfr Chroniques du 13 décembre) et le 17 février, clôture des fêtes consacrées à la torréfaction des grains pour les rendre consommables. Cet ensemble de données a permis depuis longtemps de reconnaître en Quirinus, dans le cadre de la triade primitive, le patron de la troisième des fonctions sociales, celle qui répond au besoin qu’a toute société d’assurer sa survie et sa perpétuation par la fécondité et la santé de ses femmes, de ses troupeaux et de ses terres, en un mot, par tout ce qui concourt à son salut physique et à sa prospérité. Mais, à la différence des fonctions de la souveraineté et de la guerre dont les contours se laissent aisément cerner, cette troisième fonction sociale offre des aspects bien plus complexes et diffus. Si, dans une théologie archaïque, Quirinus en fut le patron, il ne pouvait à lui seul, comme Jupiter ou Mars dans leur sphère propre, en récapituler tous les aspects ; la multiplicité des besoins auxquels devait répondre cette troisième fonction mettait en cause beaucoup d’autres divinités, certainement associées à Quirinus à l’origine, mais dont le nombre et la diversité ont contribué à estomper le rôle originel de ce dieu. Bien qu’il ait donné son nom à l’une des sept collines, le Quirinal, les Romains de l’âge classique ne comprenaient plus clairement le rôle de Quirinus. Peut-être gardaient-ils pourtant le sentiment que le nom de ce dieu était à mettre en rapport avec celui des quirites , les citoyens dans leur acception civile. Dans la Rome républicaine, tout quirite, en sa qualité de mobilisable, était un soldat (miles ) en puissance ; inversement, tout soldat restait un quirite virtuel, puisqu’il était destiné à rentrer dans la vie civile. Ainsi, les deux termes quirites et milites formaient un couple désignant les deux obligations fondamentales du statut civique. La formation de ce couple a probablement rejailli sur Quirinus : senti comme patron des quirites , il s’est trouvé articulé avec Mars, le patron des milites . Il est devenu le "Mars paisible" ou le "Mars qui préside à la paix". Aussi bien avait-il ses armes, mais qu’on avait soin de graisser comme on fait pour les armes d’un réserviste qui a le devoir de les conserver sans pour autant s’en servir. Cette association avec Mars explique peut-être que Quirinus soit devenu le nom du fils de Mars divinisé, Romulus. Cette assimilation n’a pourtant jamais fait perdre de vue le patronage de Quirinus sur l’état de paix. Le nouveau Romulus que voulut être Auguste aimait à entendre célébrer Quirinus-Romulus comme protecteur de cette pax romana qu’il se vantait d’imposer au monde méditerranéen. |