oved from the list because they no longer were a menace to society. Only seven women have appeared on the 10 Most Wanted list. Ruth Eisemann-Schier was the first in 1968 after she kidnapped and placed a woman underground in a coffin-like box. The FBI also works closely with the Fox television show, America’s Most Wanted, to further publicize the effort to capture dangerous felons. 1949 Unos 450'000 mineros estadounidenses comienzan una huelga por exigencias salariales.
1947 El Senado estadounidense aprueba el Plan Marshall.
1945 The heaviest bomb of Word War II    ^top^
     During World War II, the 617 Dambuster Squadron of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) drops the heaviest bomb of the war on the Bielefeld railway viaduct in Germany. Known as the "Grand Slam," the 10-ton bomb, which was designed by Sir Barnes Wallis, is dropped from an Avro Lancaster flown by RAF Squadron Leader C.C. Calder. The bomb destroys two full spans of viaduct on the busy railroad, and shock waves from its impact can be felt hundreds of miles away. In its singular destructive power, the Grand Slam is only surpassed by the two US atomic bombs dropped on Japan later in the year. Although "Little Boy" and "Fat Man," as these two bombs are known, are less than half as heavy as the Grand Slam, their explosive power reduces the so-called "earthquake" bomb to insignificance.
1944 Regresan a España, en medio de general indiferencia, los miembros de la Legión Española de Voluntarios, los últimos de la "División Azul", que combatía al lado de los Nazis contra los soviéticos..
1943 Germans recapture Kharkov.       ^top^
      German troops re-enter Kharkov, the second largest city in the Ukraine, which had changed hands several times in the battle between the USSR and the invading German forces. Kharkov was a high-priority target for the Germans when they invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, as the city was a railroad and industrial center, and had coal and iron mines nearby. Among the most important industries for Stalin's war needs was the Kharkov Tanks Works, which he moved out of Kharkov in December 1941 into the Ural Mountains. In fact, Joseph Stalin was so desperate to protect Kharkov that he rendered a "no retreat" order to his troops, which produced massive casualties within the Red Army over time.
      Hitler's troops first entered Kharkov in October 1941. In May 1942, the Soviets launched an effective surprise attack on the Germans just south of Kharkov, enabling the Red Army to advance closer to the occupied city, and finally re-enter it on 16 February 1943. Hitler began planning an immediate recapture as early as 21 February — Red Army Day — hoping that success there would reverse the Soviet momentum of the previous three months. On 10 March German troops launched their major offensive; the Soviets had already suffered the loss of 23'000 soldiers and 634 tanks in the recapture and defense of Kharkov and were forced to rely on 1000 Czech soldiers for aid. On 14 March, the tide in Kharkov turned again, and the Germans took the city once more. "We have shown the Ivans we can withstand their terrible winter. It can hold no fear for us again," wrote an SS officer. This proved to be a meaningless boast when the Red Army liberated the city that summer, and untrue, as the brutal Soviet winter actually did take a terrifying toll on German troops.
  1940 ^top^
DAY 1 OF THE BITTER PEACE
AFTER 105 DAYS OF THE WINTER WAR IN WHICH
HEROIC FINLAND FOUGHT SOVIET AGGRESSION
After an incredible 105 days of heroic resistance by the extremely outnumbered Finns, the Winter War ended yesterday.  
Mannerheim issues Order of the Day Nr. 34.   General Headquarters, 14 March 1940
      Soldiers of the glorious Finnish army!
      Peace has been concluded between Finland and Soviet Russia, a harsh peace in which Soviet Russia has been ceded nearly every battlefield on which you have shed your blood on behalf of everything we hold sacred and dear.
      You did not want war; you loved peace, work and progress; but you were forced into a struggle in which you have achieved great deeds, deeds that will shine for centuries in the annals of history.
      Soldiers!
      I have fought on many a battlefield, but never have I seen such warriors as you. I am as proud of you as if you were my own children; I am as proud of the man from the northern fells as of the son of Ostrobothnia's plains, of the Karelian forests, the hills of Savo, the fertile fields of Häme and Satakunta, the leafy glades of Uusimaa and Varsinais-Suomi. I am equally proud of the sacrifice of the factory worker and the poor crofter as of that of the wealthy.
      With joy and pride my thoughts dwell on the women of the Lotta Svärd — on their spirit of self-sacrifice and untiring work in myriad fields, work which has freed thousands of men to fight at the front. Their noble spirit has given inspiration and support to the army, and they have thoroughly earned our gratitude and respect.
      A place of honor has also been earned by the thousands of workers who, often as volunteers and during air raids, have worked on their machines to provide the army with vital supplies, and those, too, who have labored unflinchingly under fire to strengthen our defensive positions. On behalf of our native land, I thank you all..
Ylipäällikkö marsalkka Mannerheimin päiväkäskystä n:o 34. Päämaja, 14.maaliskuuta.1940
       Suomen kunniakkaan armeijan sotilaat!
      Rauha on solmittu maamme ja Neuvosto-Venäjän välillä, ankara rauha, joka on Neuvosto-Venäjälle luovuttanut melkeinpä jokaisen taistelukentän, millä Te olette vuodattaneet vertanne kaiken sen puolesta, mitä me pidämme kalliina ja pyhänä.
      Te ette tahtoneet sotaa, Te rakastitte rauhaa, työtä ja kehitystä, mutta Teidät pakotettiin taisteluun, jossa olette tehneet suurtöitä, tekoja, jotka vuosisatoja tulevat loistamaan historian lehdillä.
      Sotilaat!
      Olen taistellut monilla tantereilla, mutta en ole vielä nähnyt vertaisianne sotureita. Olen ylpeä Teistä kuin olisitte omia lapsiani, yhtä ylpeä tunturien miehestä Pohjolassa kuin Pohjanmaan lakeuksien, Karjalan metsien, Savon kumpujen, Hämeen ja Satakunnan viljavien vainioiden, Uudenmaan ja Varsinais-Suomen lauhojen lehtojen pojista. Olen ylpeä uhrista, jonka tarjoaa tehdastyöläinen ja köyhän majan poika siinä kuin rikaskin.
      Ilolla ja ylpeydellä ajattelen Suomen lottia ja heidän osuuttaan sodassa — heidän uhrimieltään ja uupumatonta työtään eri aloilla, mikä on vapauttanut tuhansia miehiä tulilinjoille. Heidän jalo henkensä on kannustanut ja tukenut armeijaa, jonka kiitollisuuden ja arvonannon he ovat täysin saavuttaneet.
      Kunniapaikalla ovat myös sodan ankarana aikana seisoneet ne tuhannet työläiset, jotka, usein vapaaehtoisina, ilmahyökkäystenkin aikana ovat tehneet työtä koneittensa ääressä valmistaen armeijalle sen tarpeita, sekä ne, jotka herpaantumatta vihollisen tulessa ovat työskennelleet asemien varustamisessa. -Kiitän heitä isänmaan puolesta.
Ur överbefälhavare, marskalk Mannerheims dagorder nr. 34 Huvudstaben den 14 mars 1940
      Soldater av Finlands ärorika armé!
      Fred har slutits mellan vårt land och Sovjet-Ryssland, en hård fred som till Sovjet utlämnat så gott som varje slagfält, på vilket ni gjutit ert blod för allt vad vi skatta dyrt och heligt.
      Ni ville ej kriget, ni älskade freden, arbetet och framåtskridandet, men kampen blev er påtvingad. I den har ni uträttat storverk, som för sekler framåt skall stråla på hävdens blad.
      Soldater!
      Jag har kämpat på många slagfält, men jag har ännu ej sett er like som krigsmän. Jag är stolt över er som om ni vore mina egna barn, lika stolt över mannen från tundrorna i norr som över sönerna från Österbottens vida slätter, Karelens skogar, Savolax leende bygder, Tavastlands och Satakundas rika gårdar, Nylands och Egentliga Finlands björkomsusade hagar. Jag är lika stolt över fabriksarbetaren och den fattiga stugans son som över den rike mannens insats av lem och liv.
      Med glädje och stolthet tänker jag på Finlands lottor och deras insats i kriget — deras offervilja och oförtrutna arbete på olika områden, vilket frigjort tusentals män till stridslinjerna. De har med sin upphöjda anda sporrat och stött armén, vars tacksamhet och uppskattning de till fullo förvärvat.
      En hederspost har de tusentals arbetare beklätt, vilka under krigets bittra tid troget och ofta som frivilliga under flyganfall stått vid sina maskiner förfärdigande material för arméns behov, samt de vilka oförtrutet under fiendens eld arbetat vid befästningsarbeten.Jag tackar er alla på fosterlandets vägnar.
      THE WINTER WAR, also called Russo-Finnish War (30 Nov 1939 – 12 March 1940), war waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the beginning of World War II, following the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (24 Aug 1939). After Finland had refused to grant the Soviets a naval base and other concessions in the fall of 1939, Soviet troops totaling about one million men attacked Finland on several fronts.
     The heavily outnumbered Finns put up a skillful and effective defense that winter, and the Red Army made little progress. In February 1940, however, the Soviets used massive artillery bombardments to breach the Mannerheim Line (the Finns' southern defensive barrier stretching across the Karelian Isthmus), after which they streamed northward across the isthmus to the Finnish city of Viipuri (Vyborg). Unable to secure help from Britain and France, the exhausted Finns made peace on Soviet terms on 12 March 1940, agreeing to the cession of western Karelia and to the construction of a Soviet naval base on the Hanko Peninsula.
1939 Nazis dismember the republic of Czechoslovakia. — Tras la entrada de tropas alemanas en Checoslovaquia, se proclama la “independencia” de Eslovaquia.
1937 Pio XI se pronuncia contra el nazismo en su encíclica Mit brenender Sorge (En mi angustiosa inquietud).
1936 Detención en Madrid de José Antonio Primo de Rivera, por "quebrantamiento de clausura gubernativa" del local de Falange.
1933 Civilian Conservation Corp, begins tree conservation.
1916 I Guerra Mundial: Los alemanes toman por asalto las alturas del "Mort-Homme", frente a Verdún.
1912 El rey de Italia es herido en Roma por un anarquista.
1900 US Congress ratifies the Gold Standard Act.
1863 Confederate batteries at Port Hudson, Louisiana fire on a Union squadron sinking USS Mississippi but USS Albatross and USS Hartford run the Port Hudson gantlet
1862 New Bern, North Carolina captured
1862 Union forces capture New Madrid, Missouri.
1861 La Cámara de Diputados italiana, reunida en Turín, proclama el Estado Unitario de Italia.
1816 US House of Representatives votes for 2nd Bank of US.       ^top^
       The US House of Representatives, as heeded President John C. Calhoun's call for a bank-based remedy to the nation's fiscal woes and voted to establish the Second Bank of the United States. The legislation soon made its way through the Senate and by the dawn of 1817, the Second Bank, complete with a twenty-year charter and $35 million in federal funding, was up and running in Philadelphia. However, this moment of glory was short lived: the Bank floundered under the lead of its first chief, William Jones. An inept fiscal manager, Jones's policies exacerbated the wounds that the United States' economy had suffered in the wake of the War of 1812.
1815 Escapado Napoleón de la isla de Elba, el general Ney, que debía cortarle el paso, se pone a sus órdenes y recibe el mando del Segundo Cuerpo de Ejército.
1812 US Congress authorizes the first War Bonds.       ^top^
      By the end of 1811, the United States government had tired of seeing the nation's merchant ships suffer at the hands of the French and, especially, of the British. Having already tried to retaliate through an embargo that only served to hurt US businesses, the government was on the verge of committing its military to what would be later known as the War of 1812. So President James Madison asked Congress to provide funds. Congress approves the issue of the $11 million of war bonds. Over the next three years of the war against Britain, Congress would authorize six more war bonds, and also raise tariffs on imports
1812 Congress authorizes war bonds to finance War of 1812.
1713 Se firma el Tratado de Rastadt, acuerdo entre España, Inglaterra y Austria que pone fin a la guerra de Sucesión española.
1644 England grants patent for Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island)
1629 Royal charter granted Massachusetts Bay Colony.
1519 Hernán Cortés desembarca en las costas del Golfo de México con 700 hombres para emprender la conquista del país.
TO THE TOP
Deaths which occurred on a March 14:
2002 Israelis St.-Sgt. Matan Biderman, 21, of Carmiel; St.-Sgt. Ala Hubeishi, 21, of Julis; and Sgt. Rotem Shani, 19, of Hod Hasharon, on the Karni-Netzarim road in the Gaza Strip, by an explosive charge detonated by remote-control from a nearby mosque beneath their tank escorting a civilian convoy. Two Israeli soldiers are injured.
2001 Aleobiga Aberima, 23, shot at his request to check the effectiveness of the bulletproofing treatment by a herb concoction which he and some 15 others had applied for two weeks, as prescribed by the jujuman of their village of Lambu, Ghana. The villagers then beat up the jujuman until a village elder rescues him.
1995 William Alfred Fowler, astrofísico estadounidense y Premio Nobel de Física en 1983.
1992 Steven Brian Pennell, 34, first executed in Delaware in 45 years
1989 Más de 50 muertos y unos 150 heridos es una de las jornadas más sangrientas de la guerra civil en el Líbano.
1980 All 87 persons aboard a Polish airliner which crashes while making an emergency landing near Warsaw. The dead include 22 members of a US amateur boxing team.
1973 Aiken, mathematician.
1973 Howard Hathaway Aiken, inventor of the Mark I.       ^top^
      Howard Hathaway Aiken, a Harvard researcher, developed a large-scale digital calculator to solve nonlinear differential equations for his thesis work. Previously, complex calculations were performed by dozens of human calculators — usually women-paid to do math problems all day. Aiken, with the support of IBM, developed the first fully automatic calculating machine: The Mark I was fifty-one feet long and two feet wide, and it was powered by a fifty-foot-long mechanical shaft attached to a five-horsepower electric motor. The machine included more than half a million parts and hundreds of miles of wiring. It could store seventy numbers and perform three additions or subtractions per second, and it weighed five tons. Aiken's work was heavily influenced by the theories and proposals of English mathematician Charles Babbage and the writings of Babbage's protégé, Ada Lovelace, daughter of the poet Byron.
1946 José Antonio Saldías, novelista y dramaturgo argentino.
1938 Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin, executed In Stalin’s purges    ^top^
     Bukharin is executed at the end of one of the most notorious show trials of the twentieth century, in which he was falsely accused of counter-revolutionary activities and espionage. [Interrogation, Evening 05 March 1938 — Interrogation, Morning 07 March 1938 — Last Plea, Evening 12 March 1938] . In the Gorbachev era, Bukharin was rehabilitated and posthumously reinstated (1988) as a party member.
      Bukharin’s execution comes near the end of the purges of Soviet society initiated by Joseph Stalin in late 1934. On 01 December 1934, Sergey Kirov, another leading Bolshevik, was assassinated in his Leningrad office at the instigation of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Much as Nazi leader Adolf Hitler had used the burning of the Reichstag parliament building as a pretext for eliminating his political rivals in Germany, Stalin used the Kirov assassination as an opportunity to do away with his many opponents in the Communist party, the government, the armed forces, and the intelligentsia. Although Kirov was believed to have been shot to death by Leonid Nikolayev, a Stalin ally, the murder served as the basis for seven separate trials and the arrest and execution of hundreds of notable figures in Soviet political, military, and cultural life. Each trial contradicted the others in fundamental details, and different individuals were found guilty of organizing the murder of Kirov by different means and for different political motives. The Kirov assassination trials marked the beginning of Stalin’s massive four-year purge of Soviet society, in which several hundred thousand people were imprisoned, exiled, or killed.
     Born on 09 October (27 Sep Julian) 1888, Bukharin studied economics. He became a Bolshevik in 1908. He was arrested in 1911, but escaped to Western Europe, where he met Bolshevik leader Lenin, with whom he collaborated on the newspaper Pravda. Bukharin returned to Russia in 1917 after the February revolution. In August 1917 he was elected to the party's central committee. After the Bolshevik October Revolution, he became editor of Pravda. In 1918 Bukharin opposed Lenin signing the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty. Bukharin wanted instead to spread the revolution to all Europe. Bukharin then published The Economics of the Transitional Period (1920), The ABC of Communism (with Yevgeny Preobrazhensky, 1921), The Theory of Historical Materialis - a System of Sociology (1921).
     After Lenin's 1924 death, Bukharin became a full member of the Politburo. He supported Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (of gradual change), as did Stalin to undermine his rivals Lev Trotsky, Grigory Zinovyev, Lev Kamenev. But, after Stalin defeated them, he adopted their policy of enforced collectivization and attacked Bukharin, who was expelled from the Politburo in November 1929, recanted his views and was partially reinstated. But he was secretly arrested in January 1937 and expelled from the Communist Party for being a Trotskyite.
— other works of BUKHARIN ONLINE (English translations): Imperialism and World Economy (1917) — The Russian Revolution and Its Significance (1917) — Church and School in the Soviet Republic (1919) — The Red Army and The Counter-Revolution (1919) Wanted, to further publicize the effort to capture dangerous felons.
1949 Unos 450'000 mineros estadounidenses comienzan una huelga por exigencias salariales.
1947 El Senado estadounidense aprueba el Plan Marshall.
1945 The heaviest bomb of Word War II    ^top^
     During World War II, the 617 Dambuster Squadron of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) drops the heaviest bomb of the war on the Bielefeld railway viaduct in Germany. Known as the "Grand Slam," the 10-ton bomb, which was designed by Sir Barnes Wallis, is dropped from an Avro Lancaster flown by RAF Squadron Leader C.C. Calder. The bomb destroys two full spans of viaduct on the busy railroad, and shock waves from its impact can be felt hundreds of miles away. In its singular destructive power, the Grand Slam is only surpassed by the two US atomic bombs dropped on Japan later in the year. Although "Little Boy" and "Fat Man," as these two bombs are known, are less than half as heavy as the Grand Slam, their explosive power reduces the so-called "earthquake" bomb to insignificance.
1944 Regresan a España, en medio de general indiferencia, los miembros de la Legión Española de Voluntarios, los últimos de la "División Azul", que combatía al lado de los Nazis contra los soviéticos..
1943 Germans recapture Kharkov.       ^top^
      German troops re-enter Kharkov, the second largest city in the Ukraine, which had changed hands several times in the battle between the USSR and the invading German forces. Kharkov was a high-priority target for the Germans when they invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, as the city was a railroad and industrial center, and had coal and iron mines nearby. Among the most important industries for Stalin's war needs was the Kharkov Tanks Works, which he moved out of Kharkov in December 1941 into the Ural Mountains. In fact, Joseph Stalin was so desperate to protect Kharkov that he rendered a "no retreat" order to his troops, which produced massive casualties within the Red Army over time.
      Hitler's troops first entered Kharkov in October 1941. In May 1942, the Soviets launched an effective surprise attack on the Germans just south of Kharkov, enabling the Red Army to advance closer to the occupied city, and finally re-enter it on 16 February 1943. Hitler began planning an immediate recapture as early as 21 February — Red Army Day — hoping that succForest — The Great Oak — Landscape with a House in the Grove — View of Amsterdam _ detail — View of Haarlem with Bleaching Grounds — Two Water Mills and an Open Sluice — The Hunt — The Jewish Cemetery — another The Jewish Cemetery — Landscape with Church and Village — The Marsh in a Forest — An Extensive Landscape with a Ruined Castle and a Village Church — Landscape with Waterfall — Waterfall by a Church — Waterfall in a Mountainous Northern Landscape — Wheat Fields — Winter Landscape — 11 prints at FAMSF
1671 Willem Eversdyck, Dutch artist.
1410 Luca Aretino Nicolo de Piero Lorenzo Spinelli, Italian artist born between 1330 and 1346.
0968 Santa Matilde.
Births which occurred on a March 14:
1994 Apple PowerMac computer       ^top^
      The PowerMac is introduced at Lincoln Center. The PowerPC chip that drove the PowerMac resulted from a joint effort between Apple and IBM to create a chip based on RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) technology. The PowerMac was designed to accommodate telephony, voice recognition, multimedia, and other cutting edge technologies.
1958 Alberto Grimaldi, príncipe de Mónaco y marqués de Baux.
1943 Elson Bakili Muluzi, político malauiano.
1937 Baltasar Porcel Pujol, escritor español.
1931 First theater designed for rear projector, the Trans-Lux Theater opens in Manhattan, the first theater specifically designed and built to show movies that were rear-projected.
1929 Jordi Nadal Oller, historiador, profesor y escritor español.
1928 Frank Borman Gary Ind, astronaut (Gemini 7, Apollo 8), Eastern Airline president.
1920 Hank Ketcham, cartoonist ("Dennis the Menace").
1919 The Untamed, first novel of Max Brand, is published       ^top^
      Max Brand, perhaps the most prolific writer of western stories, publishes his first novel, The Untamed. Max Brand was one of 21 pen names used by the Seattle-born author Frederick Faust. When he was still a young boy, Faust's family moved to the San Joaquin Valley of California, where he grew up in poverty and enjoyed few educational advantages. Early on, though, Faust developed a passionate love for reading. He was especially fond of traditional poetic writers like Milton and Shakespeare, and he initially tried his hand at writing serious poetry. Faust's poetry was forgettable at best, and it held little potential for providing him with a living. Reluctantly, Faust began to write short adventure stories. Editors who had previously rejected his serious work eagerly snapped up his popular fiction and encouraged him to write more. Motivated primarily by the considerable money he could make writing for popular magazines, in 1917 Faust began to churn out a prodigious number of short stories, from spy thrillers to medical dramas to Westerns. Embarrassed by his "lowbrow" stories, he never appended his real name to any of his popular works.
      Faust claimed to dislike the US West, and he spent most of his adult life in Europe. Nonetheless, he wrote more stories and novels in the Western genre than in any other, many of them dispatched from his luxurious Italian villa. He published his first Western, a fast-paced adventure called The Untamed, in serial form in 1918. The serial was so popular that the Putnam Publishing Company brought out a hardcover edition of the story on this day in 1919. Unlike many western authors, Faust made no pretense to historical accuracy in his works. His novels concerned a mythic West of his imagination, and he rarely provided any identifiable geographical details or demonstrated any mastery of the minutiae of western life. His strength was his ability to tell a compelling story, and he had a keen sense of style. In The Untamed, Faust created the hugely popular Dan Barry, a peaceable man who avoided trouble whenever possible. However, when Barry or those he cares about were attacked, he was transformed and was capable of wreaking violent vengeance on wrongdoers. Faust continued Barry's story in two bestselling sequels. Besides gaining fame and fortune as the author of Max Brand westerns, Faust also created the character of Dr. Kildare for his medical thrillers. Faust died in 1944, having written an estimated 30 million words, including more than 500 western serials or short stories.
1912 Francis Gruber, French painter who died on 01 December 1948. — Fils du peintre-verrier Jacques Gruber, l'un des fondateurs de l'Ecole de Nancy, Francis Gruber, influencé par Bosch, Callot et son ami Giacometti, a élaboré durant sa courte vie une oeuvre pathétique. Ami de Tal-Coat (Le Port de Doëlan, 1940), il l'accompagne à Doëlan. — Le Port de Doëlan
1905 Raymond Aron, French sociologist, historian and political commentator who died on 17 October 1983.
1903 Adolph Gottlieb, US Abstract Expressionist painter who died on 04 March 1974. estadounidense.
1892 John Fulton “Jack” Folinsbee, US artist who died on 10 May 1972. — MORE ON FOLINSBEE AT ART “4” MARCH
1889 Arturo Capdevila, poeta e historiador argentino.
1887 Sylvia Beach, in Baltimore, bookstore owner and publisher of Ulysses.       ^top^
      Beach moved to Paris at the age of 14, when her father, a Presbyterian minister, was sent to France. She fell in love with the city. In 1919, she opened her bookstore, Shakespeare and Co., which became a gathering place for American writers in Paris in the 1920s, including F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. Beach was a strong supporter of writer James Joyce, who lived in Paris from 1920 to 1940. The Irish writer had achieved fame with his 1915 novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and had started publishing his masterwork Ulysses in serial form in an American magazine called the Little Review. However, the serialization was halted in December 1920, after the US Post Office brought a charge of obscenity against Joyce's work. Beach published the book herself in July 1922. It wasn't until 1933 that a US judge permitted Ulysses to be distributed in the US
1879 Albert Einstein, son of a Jewish electrical engineer in Ulm, Germany.       ^top^
     Einstein's revolutionary theories introduced entirely new ways of thinking about time, space, and gravity, and he profoundly affected the way scientific inquiry occurred. A citizen of the world, Einstein was born in Germany, grew up partly in Milan, studied and taught in Switzerland, returned to Germany, and fled to the United States before World War II. An avid pacifist, he nevertheless put into motion the invention of the hydrogen and atomic bombs with a letter to President Roosevelt, urging him to beware the possibility of Germany's building an atom bomb. Decades later, the specter of a nuclear attack capable of knocking out communications across the country was one of the factors leading to the development of the Internet.
      Einstein's theories of special and general relativity drastically altered man's view of the universe, and his work in particle and energy theory helped make possible quantum mechanics and, ultimately, the atomic bomb. After a childhood in Germany and Italy, Einstein studied physics and mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic Academy in Zürich, Switzerland. He became a Swiss citizen and in 1905 was awarded a Ph.D. from the University of Zürich while working at the Swiss patent office in Bern.
      That year, which historians of Einstein's career call the annus mirabilis--the "miracle year"--he published five theoretical papers that were to have a profound effect on the development of modern physics. In the first of these, titled "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light," Einstein theorized that light is made up of individual quanta (photons) that demonstrate particle-like properties while collectively behaving like a wave. The hypothesis, an important step in the development of quantum theory, was arrived at through Einstein's examination of the photoelectric effect, a phenomenon in which some solids emit electrically charged particles when struck by light. This work would later earn him the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
      In the second paper, he devised a new method of counting and determining the size of the atoms and molecules in a given space, and in the third he offered a mathematical explanation for the constant erratic movement of particles suspended in a fluid, known as Brownian motion. These two papers provided indisputable evidence of the existence of atoms, which at the time was still disputed by a few scientists. Einstein's fourth groundbreaking scientific work of 1905 addressed what he termed his special theory of relativity. In special relativity, time and space are not absolute, but relative to the motion of the observer. Thus, two observers traveling at great speeds in regard to each other would not necessarily observe simultaneous events in time at the same moment, nor necessarily agree in their measurements of space. In Einstein's theory, the speed of light, which is the limiting speed of any body having mass, is constant in all frames of reference.
      In the fifth paper that year, an exploration of the mathematics of special relativity, Einstein announced that mass and energy were equivalent and could be calculated with an equation, E=mc^2. Although the public was not quick to embrace his revolutionary science, Einstein was welcomed into the circle of Europe's most eminent physicists and given professorships in Zürich, Prague, and Berlin.
      In 1916, he published "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity," which proposed that gravity, as well as motion, can affect the intervals of time and of space. According to Einstein, gravitation is not a force, as Isaac Newton had argued, but a curved field in the space-time continuum, created by the presence of mass. An object of very large gravitational mass, such as the sun, would therefore appear to warp space and time around it, which could be demonstrated by observing starlight as it skirted the sun on its way to earth. In 1919, astronomers studying a solar eclipse verified predictions Einstein made in the general theory of relativity, and he became an overnight celebrity. Later, other predictions of general relativity, such as a shift in the orbit of the planet Mercury and the probable existence of black holes, were confirmed by scientists. During the next decade, Einstein made continued contributions to quantum theory and began work on a unified field theory, which he hoped would encompass quantum mechanics and his own relativity theory as a grand explanation of the workings of the universe.
      As a world-renowned public figure, he became increasingly political, taking up the cause of Zionism and speaking out against militarism and rearmament. In his native Germany, this made him an unpopular figure, and after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 Einstein renounced his German citizenship and left the country. He later settled in the United States, where he accepted a post at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He would remain there for the rest of his life, working on his unified field theory and relaxing by sailing on a local lake or playing his violin. He became an American citizen in 1940.
      In 1939, despite his lifelong pacifist beliefs, he agreed to write to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of a group of scientists who were concerned with American inaction in the field of atomic-weapons research. Like the other scientists, he feared sole German possession of such a weapon. He played no role, however, in the subsequent Manhattan Project and later deplored the use of atomic bombs against Japan. After the war, he called for the establishment of a world government that would control nuclear technology and prevent future armed conflict. In 1950, he published his unified field theory, which was quietly criticized as a failure. A unified explanation of gravitation, subatomic phenomena, and electromagnetism remains elusive today. Albert Einstein, one of the most creative minds in human history, died in Princeton on 18 April 1955.
Casey's accident1869 Algernon Blackwood, British mystery writer who died on 10 December 1951.
1864 Kürschák, mathematician.
1864 John Luther “Casey” Jones, US railroad engineer (nicknamed from Cayce, Kentucky, where he had lived). He died after a loose bolt hit him in the neck at 03:52 on 30 April 1900 one hand on the brake control and the other on the whistle's of his locomotive, in a collision with a stopped freight train which extended past the siding into the main track, after telling his fireman Simon Webb to jump.[diagram >]. This was made famous in ballads (not particularly accurate) [the real story in detail]..
1862 Vilhelm Bjerknes, mathematician.
1854 Thomas Riley Marshall (D) 28th VP (1913-21)
1854 Paul Ehrlich Germany, bacteriologist (1908 Nobel prize for medicine; founded chemotherapy, discovered Salvarsan - a remedy for syphilis, developed antitoxin for diphtheria). He died on 20 August 1915.
1836 Jules-Joseph Lefebvre, French Academic painter who died on 24 February 1911. — MORE ON LEFEBVRE AT ART “4” MARCH — LINKS — Flora — Girl with a Mandolin — Mary Magdalen in the Grotto — Ophelia — Truth — The Language of the Fan — Chloé
1835 Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer and senator who died on 04 July 1910. On 05 September 1877, Mars came to a perihelic opposition approaching to within 56 million km of Earth.. Starting to observe Mars soon after that, at the Brera Observatory in Milan, Schiaparelli, using a telescope only 22 cm in diameter, made a map of Mars and named many previously unobserved features. He thought he glimpsed fine, straight lines visible when Earth's atmosphere was unusually still. When he reported his discovery, he used the Italian word canali (“channels”). But the word was translated into English as “canals,” artificially dug channels, and the "canals of Mars" were born. Many astronomers could not see the canals, whereas others drew maps showing hundreds. In the decades that followed Schiaparelli's discovery, many people assumed that the canals were real water courses built by an intelligent race on Mars to carry water from the polar caps to the lower latitudes. Much of this excitement was generated by Percival Lowell, a wealthy Bostonian who founded Lowell Observatory in 1894, principally for the study of Mars. He not only mapped hundreds of canals but also publicized his results. [See online book: The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery, particularly Chapter 5]
1829 Charles Charlesworth, who would die at 7, of old age, in England.       ^top^
Extremely premature aging.
     It is variously named: Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome, Gilford Syndrome, HGPS, Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome, Premature Senility Syndrome, Progeria of Childhood, Souques-Charcot Syndrome.
      Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is a rare progressive disorder that typically becomes apparent during the first year or two of life. The most striking feature of the disorder is extremely accelerated aging (progeria). In most cases, affected infants appear to develop normally until approximately six months of age. They may then begin to experience profound growth delays, resulting in short stature and low weight. Affected children also develop a distinctive facial appearance characterized by a disproportionately small face in comparison to the head; an underdeveloped jaw (micrognathia); malformation and crowding of the teeth; abnormally prominent eyes; a small, "beak-like" nose; and absent earlobes. In addition, by the second year of life, the scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes are lost (alopecia), and the scalp hair may be replaced by small, downy, white or blond hairs.
      Additional characteristic features include unusually prominent veins of the scalp, loss of the layer of fat beneath the skin (subcutaneous adipose tissue), defects of the nails, joint stiffness, skeletal defects, and/or other abnormalities. According to reports in the medical literature, individuals with Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome develop premature, widespread thickening and loss of elasticity of artery walls (arteriosclerosis), potentially resulting in life-threatening complications during childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood.
      In most patients, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is caused by new genetic changes that occur randomly for unknown reasons (sporadic). These mutations are thought to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait
     It is not to be confused with Werner's Syndrome form of progeria, which is less infrequent and which leads to a somewhat later death [see also].
1820 Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia-Piedmont and first king of united Italy. He died on 09 January 1878.
1814 Ferdinand Konrad Bellermann, German artist who died on 11 August 1889.
1804 Johann Strauss the Elder, Viennese violinist, composer (waltzes, Radetzky March). He died on 24 September 1849.
1794 Cotton gin is patented by Eli Whitney, it would revolutionize the US cotton industry.
1782 Thomas Hart Benton (rep), "Old Bullion"
1752 Jean Frédéric Schall (or Challe), French artist who died on 24 March 1825. [Shall Schall ever have his work shown on the internet? I can find no examples of it now.]
1752 Paul Christiaen van Pol, Dutch artist who died on 21 May 1813.
1681 Georg Philipp Telemann Magdeburg, Germany, late baroque composer, who wrote both sacred and secular music but was most admired for his church compositions, which ranged from small cantatas to large-scale works for soloists, chorus, and orchestra. He died on 25 June 1767 in Hamburg.
Santoral: Santos Afrodisio, Arnaldo y León; santa Matilde.
DICTIONNAIRE TICRANIEN: tonalité: le malade de ta famille.
Thoughts for the day: “He who falls in love with himself will have no rivals.”
“Common sense is nothing more than a deposit of prejudices laid down in the mind before you reach eighteen.” — Albert Einstein
TO THE TOP
Dog Heaven
Mom was trying to console Susie, whose dog had recently died. “You know, it's not your fault that the dog died. I'm sure God took him up into heaven and right now is having a grand old time with him.” Susie, still crying, said “What would God want with a dead dog?”
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updated Friday 14-Mar-2003 22:23 UT
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