I Won the Nobel Prize for Literature. What was your crime?
by Bill Mauldin, 1958

     Bill Mauldin, the Army sergeant who created Willie and Joe, the cartoon characters who became enduring symbols of the grimy, irrepressible US infantrymen who triumphed over the German army and prevailed over their own rear-echelon officers in World War II, died on 22 January 2003 in Newport Beach, California. He was 81. The cause was pneumonia. Mauldin had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
      After Willie and Joe won the war, Mauldin became a syndicated newspaper cartoonist and went on for more than 50 years to caricature bigots, superpatriots, doctrinaire liberals and conservatives, and pompous souls in whatever form they appeared. He won the Pulitzer Prize twice, once in 1944 for his World War II work, again in 1959 for his commentary on Soviet treatment of Boris Pasternak [above]. Mauldin gave up regular cartooning assignments in the early 1990's, complaining that arthritis made drawing too difficult.
      He frequently lamented that editorial cartoonists were too soft and that more of them needed to be "stirrer-uppers." Mauldin worked full time at being a stirrer-upper, and while he was on duty nobody was safe from his editorial brush. During the war, he excoriated self-important generals, grassy green "90-day wonders," insensitive drill sergeants, palate-dulled mess sergeants, glamor-dripping Air Force pilots in leather jackets, and café owners in liberated countries who rewarded the thirsty G.I.'s who had freed them by charging them double for brandy. He was nothing short of beloved by his fellow enlisted men.
      But no Mauldin characters were more memorable than Willie and Joe, the unshaven, listless, dull-eyed, cynical dogfaces who spent the war fighting the Germans, trying to keep dry and warm and flirting with insubordination. They were the stars of Up Front Mauldin's wartime best seller, and their exploits were reported regularly in various service publications, including Stars and Stripes and the 45th Division News. Their likenesses were found in pup tents and bivouacs from Brittany to Berlin, tacked up next to the inevitable glossies of those other G.I. favorites, Betty Grable and Dorothy Lamour. Mauldin began his sojourn with the 45th, which arrived in North Africa and fought into Italy, but he sampled many divisions and places as his fame grew.
      Willie and Joe were the guys who always got sentry duty when it rained or snowed and shrapnel in their backsides whenever they left their foxholes. It was they who contended with lice and fleas, complained constantly about the K rations they were supposed to eat, slept in rat-infested barns, never seemed to find the soap when they had the rare opportunity to bathe, and suffered the incessant, grinding, morale-destroying boredom that only the infantry soldier knows.
      The only thing that could never be questioned about Willie and Joe was their determination to survive and win. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme Allied commander, looked forward to their adventures, and Gen. Mark Clark so appreciated them that he saw to it that Mauldin got a specially equipped Jeep in Italy so that he could go where he wanted and draw what he wished. Ernie Pyle, one of the G.I.'s favorite correspondents, termed Mauldin the best cartoonist of the war because he drew pictures of the men who were "doing the dying," even though nobody could ever kill Willie and Joe.
      Gen. George S. Patton was one of a small minority who had no use for them. He liked his heroes cleanshaven and obedient, and he was uneasy that the men who served under him revered the likes of such unorthodoxy. Asked toward the end of the war to comment on Sergeant Mauldin's cartoons, General Patton replied, "I've seen only two of them, and I thought they were lousy."

      Mauldin's representations have endured in unforgettable images and words:

"Must be a tough objective," says Willie to Joe as they huddle on the side of a road, weapons ready. "Th' old man says we're gonna have th' honor of liberatin' it."

      Joe was created first by Mauldin, well before Pearl Harbor. Joe was never an angel, but at least he was a cleanshaven, well-scrubbed young man, and he appeared in various Army publications, especially the 45th Division News. After 07 December 1941, he met Willie, and the two went through the Italian campaign together, becoming disreputable in their personal habits.
      During training Joe was a Choctaw Indian with a hooked nose, and Willie was his rednecked straight man, As they matured overseas during the stresses of shot, shell and K rations, and grew whiskers because shaving water was scarce in mountain foxholes, for some reason Joe seemed to become more of a Willie and Willie more of a Joe.
      Willie and Joe and their creator made the cover of Time magazine in 1945 — the year after Mauldin won his first Pulitzer — and he came home from the war a celebrity. He had made a lot of money but wasn't very happy. "I never quite could shake off the guilt feeling that I had made something good out of the war," he said.
      After the war, Mauldin seemed lost for a time. He covered the Korean War briefly for Collier's but was not entirely pleased with his work. He resuscitated Joe, made him a war correspondent and had him writing letters to the stateside Willie. In 1958 he visited Dan Fitzpatrick, editorial cartoonist for The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, who disclosed that he was planning to retire. Mauldin applied for the job, got it and won a second Pulitzer Prize in 1959 for a cartoon on the plight of the Russian author Boris Pasternak. The cartoon showed two prisoners in Siberia, one of whom said to the other: “I won the Nobel Prize for Literature. What was your crime?”
      Mauldin remained with The Post-Dispatch until 1962, when he joined The Chicago Sun-Times. He seemed to regain his old form and was regarded as one of the most influential cartoonists of his day.
      Besides segregationists, redbaiters and dictators, Mauldin used his pen to strike at the Ku Klux Klan and veterans' organizations that he thought were too far to the right. He later said he thought he had gone too far in his denunciations and "became a bore." Many newspapers agreed and began to drop his syndicated cartoons.
      He became an advocate for veterans and joined the American Veterans Committee, which saw itself as an alternative to more traditional organizations like the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. He served two terms as its president in the 1950's.
      Mauldin did not confine his activities to drawing. His postwar book Back Home was as much a job of writing as it was drawing, and it received good reviews on both counts. He also appeared in two movies, both made in 1951. One was John Huston's Red Badge of Courage, with Audie Murphy, the most decorated hero of the war. Mauldin received good reviews, but the movie failed at the box office. The other was Teresa, directed by Fred Zinnemann.
      In the middle 1950's he moved to Rockland County in New York, and in 1956 he ran unsuccessfully for Congress against the incumbent in the 28th District, a conservative Republican named Katharine St. George. Mauldin, a Democrat, thought of himself as the left-of-center candidate.
      Among Mauldin's other books are A Sort of a Saga (1949) — Bill Mauldin's Army (1951) — Bill Mauldin in Korea (1953) — What's Got Your Back Up (1961) — I've Decided I Want My Seat Back (1965) — The Brass Ring (1972). He also illustrated many articles for Life, The Saturday Evening Post, Sports Illustrated and other publications.

     William Henry Mauldin was born on 29 October 1921, in Mountain Park NM, one of two sons born to Sidney Albert Mauldin, a handyman, and Edith Katrina Bemis Mauldin. As a child, he suffered from rickets, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, and was unable to engage in strenuous activity. His head seemed too big for his spindly body. When he was 8 he heard one of his father's friends say, "If that was my son, I'd drown him."
      Mauldin never forgot the insult and turned all his energy to teaching himself how to draw. His family moved to Phoenix, and while he was still in high school there he enrolled in a correspondence cartoon school. He left high school without getting a diploma, moved to Chicago and continued his studies at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. His maternal grandmother gave him the $300 tuition fee.
      He moved back to Phoenix and began to sell his drawings. Some of the first were published by Arizona Highways magazine. In 1940 Mauldin also created cartoons for both sides in the Texas gubernatorial campaign. He later said he joined the Arizona National Guard to avoid the Texas politicians, who discovered he was working both sides of the fence. The Guard required no physical examination — Mauldin doubted he could ever pass one — and he was accepted. When the Arizona Guard was federalized in 1940, Mauldin found himself in the Army.
      He scored more than 140 on his Army I.Q. test and later said that once the Army became aware of this, it did with him what it tended to do with all bright people who become enlisted men: it gave him K.P. for four months. He managed to get a transfer to Oklahoma's 45th Division so that he could draw cartoons for the 45th Division News, first as a volunteer, later as a member of the staff.
      Mauldin married Norma Jean Humphries in 1942. They were divorced in 1946. The following year he married Natalie Sarah Evans, who died in a car accident. In 1972 he married Christine Lund. His survivors also include his seven sons; a daughter died in 2001.
      Mauldin had two war experiences after Korea. One came in 1965 when he visited his son, Bruce, a serviceman stationed in Vietnam. Mauldin wrote about an attack on Pleiku. He also visited troops in Saudi Arabia during the Persian Gulf war in 1991, toward the end of his career. He did not approve of the war, and his cartoons were especially hard on President George Bush. He made no further use of Willie and Joe.
      In 2002 Mauldin's health and memory declined in a nursing home in Orange County, California.

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